Inbred corn line PHCND

ABSTRACT

A novel inbred maize line designated PHCND and seed, plants and plant parts thereof. Methods for producing a maize plant that comprise crossing inbred maize line PHCND with another maize plant. Methods for producing a maize plant containing in its genetic material one or more traits introgressed into PHCND through backcross conversion and/or transformation, and to the maize seed, plant and plant part produced thereby. Hybrid maize seed, plant or plant part produced by crossing the inbred line PHCND or a trait conversion of PHCND with another maize line. Inbred maize lines derived from inbred maize line PHCND, methods for producing other inbred maize lines derived from inbred maize line PHCND and the inbred maize lines and their parts derived by the use of those methods.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/047,993, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,078,601, filed on Jan. 31, 2005, thecontent of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to the field of maize breeding,specifically relating to an inbred maize line designated PHCND.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The goal of plant breeding is to combine, in a single variety or hybrid,various desirable traits. For field crops, these traits may includeresistance to diseases and insects, resistance to heat and drought,reducing the time to crop maturity, greater yield, and better agronomicquality. With mechanical harvesting of many crops, uniformity of plantcharacteristics such as germination, stand establishment, growth rate,maturity, plant height and ear height, is important. Traditional plantbreeding is an important tool in developing new and improved commercialcrops.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, there is provided a novel inbred maize line,designated PHCND and processes for making PHCND. This invention relatesto seed of inbred maize line PHCND, to the plants of inbred maize linePHCND, to plant parts of inbred maize line PHCND, and to processes formaking a maize plant that comprise crossing inbred maize line PHCND withanother maize plant. This invention also relates to processes for makinga maize plant containing in its genetic material one or more traitsintrogressed into PHCND through backcross conversion and/ortransformation, and to the maize seed, plant and plant part produced bysuch introgression. This invention further relates to a hybrid maizeseed, plant or plant part produced by crossing the inbred line PHCND oran introgressed trait conversion of PHCND with another maize line. Thisinvention also relates to inbred maize lines derived from inbred maizeline PHCND to processes for making other inbred maize lines derived frominbred maize line PHCND and to the inbred maize lines and their partsderived by the use of those processes.

DEFINITIONS

Certain definitions used in the specification are provided below. Alsoin the examples that follow, a number of terms are used herein. In orderto provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification andclaims, including the scope to be given such terms, the followingdefinitions are provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and % MN ispercent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred or hybridwas grown. PCT designates that the trait is calculated as a percentage.% NOT designates the percentage of plants that did not exhibit a trait.For example, STKLDG % NOT is the percentage of plants in a plot thatwere not stalk lodged. These designators will follow the descriptors todenote how the values are to be interpreted.

ABTSTK=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK. A count of the number of “snapped”plants per plot following machine snapping. A snapped plant has itsstalk completely snapped at a node between the base of the plant and thenode above the ear. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.

ALLELE. Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence.Typically, in a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a givensequence typically occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologouschromosomes.

ALTER. The utilization of up-regulation, down-regulation, or genesilencing.

ANTHESIS. The time of a flower's opening.

ANT ROT=ANTHRACNOSE STALK ROT (Colletotrichum graminicola). A 1 to 9visual rating indicating the resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. Ahigher score indicates a higher resistance.

BACKCROSSING. Process in which a breeder crosses a hybrid progeny lineback to one of the parental genotypes one or more times.

BARPLT=BARREN PLANTS. The percent of plants per plot that were notbarren (lack ears).

BREEDING. The genetic manipulation of living organisms.

BREEDING CROSS. A cross to introduce new genetic material into a plantfor the development of a new variety. For example, one could cross plantA with plant B, wherein plant B would be genetically different fromplant A. After the breeding cross, the resulting F1 plants could then beselfed or sibbed for one, two, three or more times (F1, F2, F3, etc.)until a new inbred variety is developed. For clarification, such newinbred varieties would be within a pedigree distance of one breedingcross of plants A and B. The process described above would be referredto as one breeding cycle.

BRTSTK=BRITTLE STALKS. This is a measure of the stalk breakage near thetime of pollination, and is an indication of whether a hybrid or inbredwould snap or break near the time of flowering under severe winds. Dataare presented as percentage of plants that did not snap.

CELL. Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, intissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant part.

CLDTST=COLD TEST. The percent of plants that germinate under cold testconditions.

CLN=CORN LETHAL NECROSIS. Synergistic interaction of maize chloroticmottle virus (MCMV) in combination with either maize dwarf mosaic virus(MDMV-A or MDMV-B) or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9 visualrating indicating the resistance to Corn Lethal Necrosis. A higher scoreindicates a higher resistance.

COMRST=COMMON RUST (Puccinia sorghi). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicatingthe resistance to Common Rust. A higher score indicates a higherresistance.

CROSS POLLINATION. A plant is cross pollinated if the pollen comes froma flower on a different plant from a different family or line. Crosspollination excludes sib and self pollination.

CROSS. As used herein, the term “cross” or “crossing” can refer to asimple X by Y cross, or the process of backcrossing, depending on thecontext.

D/D=DRYDOWN. This represents the relative rate at which a hybrid willreach acceptable harvest moisture compared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9rating scale. A high score indicates a hybrid that dries relatively fastwhile a low score indicates a hybrid that dries slowly.

DIPERS=DIPLODIA EAR MOLD SCORES (Diplodia maydis and Diplodiamacrospora). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toDiplodia Ear Mold. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

DIPLOID PLANT PART. Refers to a plant part or cell that has the samediploid genotype as PHCND.

DIPROT=DIPLODIA STALK ROT SCORE. Score of stalk rot severity due toDiplodia (Diplodia maydis). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 beinghighly resistant.

DRPEAR=DROPPED EARS. A measure of the number of dropped ears per plotand represents the percentage of plants that did not drop ears prior toharvest.

D/T=DROUGHT TOLERANCE. This represents a 1 to 9 rating for droughttolerance, and is based on data obtained under stress conditions. A highscore indicates good drought tolerance and a low score indicates poordrought tolerance.

EARHT=EAR HEIGHT. The ear height is a measure from the ground to thehighest placed developed ear node attachment and is measured incentimeters.

EARMLD=GENERAL EAR MOLD. Visual rating (1 to 9 score) where a 1 is verysusceptible and a 9 is very resistant. This is based on overall ratingfor ear mold of mature ears without determining the specific moldorganism, and may not be predictive for a specific ear mold.

EARSZ=EAR SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating of ear size. The higher therating the larger the ear size.

EBTSTK=EARLY BRITTLE STALK. A count of the number of “snapped” plantsper plot following severe winds when the corn plant is experiencing veryrapid vegetative growth in the V5-V8 stage. Expressed as percent ofplants that did not snap.

ECB1LF=EUROPEAN CORN BORER FIRST GENERATION LEAF FEEDING (Ostrinianubilalis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance topreflowering leaf feeding by first generation European Corn Borer. Ahigher score indicates a higher resistance.

ECB2IT=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION INCHES OF TUNNELING(Ostrinia nubilalis). Average inches of tunneling per plant in thestalk.

ECB2SC=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION (Ostrinia nubilalis). A 1to 9 visual rating indicating post flowering degree of stalk breakageand other evidence of feeding by second generation European Corn Borer.A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

ECBDPE=EUROPEAN CORN BORER DROPPED EARS (Ostrinia nubilalis). Droppedears due to European Corn Borer. Percentage of plants that did not dropears under second generation European Corn Borer infestation.

EGRWTH=EARLY GROWTH. This is a measure of the relative height and sizeof a corn seedling at the 2-4 leaf stage of growth. This is a visualrating (1 to 9), with 1 being weak or slow growth, 5 being averagegrowth and 9 being strong growth. Taller plants, wider leaves, moregreen mass and darker color constitute higher score.

ELITE INBRED. An inbred that contributed desirable qualities when usedto produce commercial hybrids. An elite inbred may also be used infurther breeding for the purpose of developing further improvedvarieties.

ERTLDG=EARLY ROOT LODGING. The percentage of plants that do not rootlodge prior to or around anthesis; plants that lean from the verticalaxis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater would be counted asroot lodged.

ERTLPN=EARLY ROOT LODGING. An estimate of the percentage of plants thatdo not root lodge prior to or around anthesis; plants that lean from thevertical axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater would beconsidered as root lodged.

ERTLSC=EARLY ROOT LODGING SCORE. Score for severity of plants that leanfrom a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater whichtypically results from strong winds prior to or around floweringrecorded within 2 weeks of a wind event. Expressed as a 1 to 9 scorewith 9 being no lodging.

ESTCNT=EARLY STAND COUNT. This is a measure of the stand establishmentin the spring and represents the number of plants that emerge on perplot basis for the inbred or hybrid.

EYESPT=EYE SPOT (Kabatiella zeae or Aureobasidium zeae). A 1 to 9 visualrating indicating the resistance to Eye Spot. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

FUSERS=FUSARIUM EAR ROT SCORE (Fusarium moniliforme or Fusariumsubglutinans). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toFusarium Ear Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

GDU=GROWING DEGREE UNITS. Using the Barger Heat Unit Theory, whichassumes that maize growth occurs in the temperature range 50 degreesF.-86 degrees F. and that temperatures outside this range slow downgrowth; the maximum daily heat unit accumulation is 36 and the minimumdaily heat unit accumulation is 0. The seasonal accumulation of GDU is amajor factor in determining maturity zones.

GDUSHD=GDU TO SHED. The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heatunits required for an inbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50percent of the plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time ofplanting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method,where the heat units for a 24-hour period are:

${GDU} = {\frac{\left( {{Max}.{temp}.{+ {{Min}.{temp}.}}} \right)}{2} - 50}$

The highest maximum temperature used is 86 degrees F. and the lowestminimum temperature used is 50 degrees F. For each inbred or hybrid ittakes a certain number of GDUs to reach various stages of plantdevelopment.

GDUSLK=GDU TO SILK. The number of growing degree units required for aninbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plantswith silk emergence from time of planting. Growing degree units arecalculated by the Barger Method as given in GDU SHD definition.

GENE SILENCING. The interruption or suppression of the expression of agene at the level of transcription or translation.

GENOTYPE. Refers to the genetic constitution of a cell or organism.

GIBERS=GIBBERELLA EAR ROT (PINK MOLD) (Gibberella zeae). A 1 to 9 visualrating indicating the resistance to Gibberella Ear Rot. A higher scoreindicates a higher resistance.

GIBROT=GIBBERELLA STALK ROT SCORE. Score of stalk rot severity due toGibberella (Gibberella zeae). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 beinghighly resistant.

GLFSPT=GRAY LEAF SPOT (Cercospora zeae-maydis). A 1 to 9 visual ratingindicating the resistance to Gray Leaf Spot. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

GOSWLT=GOSS' WILT (Corynebacterium nebraskense). A 1 to 9 visual ratingindicating the resistance to Goss' Wilt. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

GRNAPP=GRAIN APPEARANCE. This is a 1 to 9 rating for the generalappearance of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on such factorsas the color of harvested grain, any mold on the grain, and any crackedgrain. High scores indicate good grain visual quality.

HAPLOID PLANT PART. Refers to a plant part or cell that has the samehaploid genotype as PHCND.

HCBLT=HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUM LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium carbonum).A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Helminthosporiuminfection. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

HD SMT=HEAD SMUT (Sphacelotheca reiliana). This score indicates thepercentage of plants not infected.

HSKCVR=HUSK COVER. A 1 to 9 score based on performance relative to keychecks, with a score of 1 indicating very short husks, tip of ear andkernels showing; 5 is intermediate coverage of the ear under mostconditions, sometimes with thin husk; and a 9 has husks extending andclosed beyond the tip of the ear. Scoring can best be done nearphysiological maturity stage or any time during dry down untilharvested.

INBRED. A line developed through inbreeding or doubled haploidy thatpreferably comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of itsloci.

INC D/A=GROSS INCOME (DOLLARS PER ACRE). Relative income per acreassuming drying costs of two cents per point above 15.5 percent harvestmoisture and current market price per bushel.

INCOME/ACRE. Income advantage of hybrid to be patented over other hybridon per acre basis.

INC ADV=GROSS INCOME ADVANTAGE. Gross income advantage of variety #1over variety #2.

INTROGRESSION. The process of transferring genetic material from onegenotype to another.

KSZDCD=KERNEL SIZE DISCARD. The percent of discard seed; calculated asthe sum of discarded tip kernels and extra large kernels.

LINKAGE. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosometend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if theirtransmission was independent.

LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend toremain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents tooffspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individualfrequencies.

LOCUS. A defined segment of DNA.

L/POP=YIELD AT LOW DENSITY. Yield ability at relatively low plantdensities on a 1 to 9 relative system with a higher number indicatingthe hybrid responds well to low plant densities for yield relative toother hybrids. A 1, 5, and 9 would represent very poor, average, andvery good yield response, respectively, to low plant density.

LRTLDG=LATE ROOT LODGING. The percentage of plants that do not rootlodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean from the verticalaxis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater would be counted asroot lodged.

LRTLPN=LATE ROOT LODGING. An estimate of the percentage of plants thatdo not root lodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean fromthe vertical axis at an approximately 30 degree angle or greater wouldbe considered as root lodged.

LRTLSC=LATE ROOT LODGING SCORE. Score for severity of plants that leanfrom a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater whichtypically results from strong winds after flowering. Recorded prior toharvest when a root-lodging event has occurred. This lodging results inplants that are leaned or “lodged” over at the base of the plant and donot straighten or “goose-neck” back to a vertical position. Expressed asa 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging.

MDMCPX=MAIZE DWARF MOSAIC COMPLEX (MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus andMCDV=Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating theresistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

MST=HARVEST MOISTURE. The moisture is the actual percentage moisture ofthe grain at harvest.

MSTADV=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE. The moisture advantage of variety #1 overvariety #2 as calculated by: MOISTURE of variety #2−MOISTURE of variety#1=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE of variety #1.

NLFBLT=NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium turcicum or Exserohilumturcicum). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to NorthernLeaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

OILT=GRAIN OIL. Absolute value of oil content of the kernel as predictedby Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter.

PEDIGREE DISTANCE. Relationship among generations based on theirancestral links as evidenced in pedigrees. May be measured by thedistance of the pedigree from a given starting point in the ancestry.

PERCENT IDENTITY. Percent identity as used herein refers to thecomparison of the homozygous alleles of two inbred lines. Each inbredplant will have the same allele (and therefore be homozygous) at almostall of their loci. Percent identity is determined by comparing astatistically significant number of the homozygous alleles of two inbredlines. For example, a percent identity of 90% between inbred PHCND andother inbred line means that the two inbred lines have the same alleleat 90% of their loci.

PERCENT SIMILARITY. Percent similarity as used herein refers to thecomparison of the homozygous alleles of an inbred line with anotherplant. The homozygous alleles of PHCND are compared with the alleles ofa non-inbred plant, such as a hybrid, and if the allele of the inbredmatches at least one of the alleles from the hybrid then they are scoredas similar. Percent similarity is determined by comparing astatistically significant number of loci and recording the number ofloci with similar alleles as a percentage. For example, a percentsimilarity of 90% between inbred PHCND and a hybrid maize plant meansthat the inbred line matches at least one of the hybrid alleles at 90%of the loci. In the case of a hybrid produced from PHCND as the male orfemale parent, such hybrid will comprise two sets of alleles, one set ofwhich will comprise the same alleles as the homozygous alleles of inbredline PHCND.

PLANT. As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to animmature or mature whole plant, including a plant that has beendetasseled or from which seed or grain has been removed. Seed or embryothat will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant.

PLANT PARTS. As used herein, the term “plant parts” includes leaves,stems, roots, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, flowers, ears, cobs,husks, stalks, root tips, anthers, pericarp, silk, tissue, cells and thelike.

PLTHT=PLANT HEIGHT. This is a measure of the height of the plant fromthe ground to the tip of the tassel in centimeters.

POLSC=POLLEN SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount ofpollen shed. The higher the score the more pollen shed.

POLWT=POLLEN WEIGHT. This is calculated by dry weight of tasselscollected as shedding commences minus dry weight from similar tasselsharvested after shedding is complete.

POP K/A=PLANT POPULATIONS. Measured as 1000s per acre.

POP ADV=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE. The plant population advantage ofvariety #1 over variety #2 as calculated by PLANT POPULATION of variety#2−PLANT POPULATION of variety #1=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE of variety#1.

PRM=PREDICTED RELATIVE MATURITY. This trait, predicted relativematurity, is based on the harvest moisture of the grain. The relativematurity rating is based on a known set of checks and utilizes standardlinear regression analyses and is also referred to as the ComparativeRelative Maturity Rating System that is similar to the MinnesotaRelative Maturity Rating System.

PRMSHD=A relative measure of the growing degree units (GDU) required toreach 50% pollen shed. Relative values are predicted values from thelinear regression of observed GDU's on relative maturity of commercialchecks.

PROT=GRAIN PROTEIN. Absolute value of protein content of the kernel aspredicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent ofdry matter.

RESISTANCE. Synonymous with tolerance. The ability of a plant towithstand exposure to an insect, disease, herbicide or other condition.A resistant plant variety will have a level of resistance higher than acomparable wild-type variety.

RTLDG=ROOT LODGING. Root lodging is the percentage of plants that do notroot lodge; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately30 degree angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.

RTLADV=ROOT LODGING ADVANTAGE. The root lodging advantage of variety #1over variety #2.

SCTGRN=SCATTER GRAIN. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount ofscatter grain (lack of pollination or kernel abortion) on the ear. Thehigher the score the less scatter grain.

SDGVGR=SEEDLING VIGOR. This is the visual rating (1 to 9) of the amountof vegetative growth after emergence at the seedling stage(approximately five leaves). A higher score indicates better vigor.

SEL IND=SELECTION INDEX. The selection index gives a single measure ofthe hybrid's worth based on information for up to five traits. A maizebreeder may utilize his or her own set of traits for the selectionindex. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. Theselection index data presented in the tables represent the mean valueaveraged across testing stations.

SELF POLLINATION. A plant is self-pollinated if pollen from one floweris transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant.

SIB POLLINATION. A plant is sib-pollinated when individuals within thesame family or line are used for pollination.

SLFBLT=SOUTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium maydis or Bipolarismaydis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to SouthernLeaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.

SOURST=SOUTHERN RUST (Puccinia polysora). A 1 to 9 visual ratingindicating the resistance to Southern Rust. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

STAGRN=STAY GREEN. Stay green is the measure of plant health near thetime of black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high scoreindicates better late-season plant health.

STDADV=STALK STANDING ADVANTAGE. The advantage of variety #1 overvariety #2 for the trait STK CNT.

STKCNT=NUMBER OF PLANTS. This is the final stand or number of plants perplot.

STKLDG=STALK LODGING REGULAR. This is the percentage of plants that didnot stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest (when grain moistureis between about 20 and 30%) as measured by either natural lodging orpushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that breakbelow the ear.

STKLDS=STALK LODGING SCORE. A plant is considered as stalk lodged if thestalk is broken or crimped between the ear and the ground. This can becaused by any or a combination of the following: strong winds late inthe season, disease pressure within the stalks, ECB damage orgenetically weak stalks. This trait should be taken just prior to or atharvest. Expressed on a 1 to 9 scale with 9 being no lodging.

STLLPN=LATE STALK LODGING. This is the percent of plants that did notstalk lodge (stalk breakage or crimping) at or around late seasonharvest (when grain moisture is below 20%) as measured by either naturallodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plantsthat break or crimp below the ear.

STLPCN=STALK LODGING REGULAR. This is an estimate of the percentage ofplants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest(when grain moisture is between about 20 and 30%) as measured by eithernatural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage ofplants that break below the ear.

STRT=GRAIN STARCH. Absolute value of starch content of the kernel aspredicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent ofdry matter.

STWWLT=Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii). A 1 to 9 visual ratingindicating the resistance to Stewart's Wilt. A higher score indicates ahigher resistance.

TASBLS=TASSEL BLAST. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to measure thedegree of blasting (necrosis due to heat stress) of the tassel at thetime of flowering. A 1 would indicate a very high level of blasting attime of flowering, while a 9 would have no tassel blasting.

TASSZ=TASSEL SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate therelative size of the tassel. The higher the rating the larger thetassel.

TAS WT=TASSEL WEIGHT. This is the average weight of a tassel (grams)just prior to pollen shed.

TEXEAR=EAR TEXTURE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate therelative hardness (smoothness of crown) of mature grain. A 1 would bevery soft (extreme dent) while a 9 would be very hard (flinty or verysmooth crown).

TILLER=TILLERS. A count of the number of tillers per plot that couldpossibly shed pollen was taken. Data are given as a percentage oftillers: number of tillers per plot divided by number of plants perplot.

TSTWT=TEST WEIGHT (UNADJUSTED). The measure of the weight of the grainin pounds for a given volume (bushel).

TSWADV=TEST WEIGHT ADVANTAGE. The test weight advantage of variety #1over variety #2.

WIN M %=PERCENT MOISTURE WINS.

WIN Y %=PERCENT YIELD WINS.

YIELD BU/A=YIELD (BUSHELS/ACRE). Yield of the grain at harvest inbushels per acre adjusted to 15% moisture.

YLDADV=YIELD ADVANTAGE. The yield advantage of variety #1 over variety#2 as calculated by: YIELD of variety #1−YIELD variety #2=YIELDADVANTAGE of variety #1.

YLDSC=YIELD SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to give a relativerating for yield based on plot ear piles. The higher the rating thegreater visual yield appearance.

Definitions for Area of Adaptability

When referring to area of adaptability, such term is used to describethe location with the environmental conditions that would be well suitedfor this maize line. Area of adaptability is based on a number offactors, for example: days to maturity, insect resistance, diseaseresistance, and drought resistance. Area of adaptability does notindicate that the maize line will grow in every location within the areaof adaptability or that it will not grow outside the area.

Central Corn Belt: Iowa, Illinois, Indiana

Drylands: non-irrigated areas of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma

Eastern U.S.: Ohio, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and WestVirginia

North central U.S.: Minnesota and Wisconsin

Northeast: Michigan, New York, Vermont, and Ontario and Quebec Canada

Northwest U.S.: North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon,Montana, Utah, and Idaho

South central U.S.: Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas

Southeast U.S.: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana

Southwest U.S.: Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona

Western U.S.: Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and California

Maritime Europe: Northern France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands andAustria

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND FURTHER EMBODIMENTS

All tables discussed in the Detailed Description of the Invention andFurther Embodiments section can found at the end of the section.

Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of PHCND

Inbred maize line PHCND is a yellow, flint maize inbred with some dentcharacteristics that may be used as either a male or female in theproduction of the first generation F1 maize hybrid. Inbred maize linePHCND is best adapted to Central, Northcenteral, West and Eastern areasof the United States and can be used in hybrids that range in maturityfrom 103 to 113 crm. Inbred maize line PHCND demonstrates good femaleyield, good early stand, good anthracnose stalk rot resistance and highextractablity for starch In hybrid combination, inbred PHCND demostratesexcellent yield potential, excellent late season health as demonstratedby staygreen, good stalk strength, and short plant stature.

The inbred has shown uniformity and stability within the limits ofenvironmental influence for all the traits as described in the VarietyDescription Information (Table 1, found at the end of the section). Theinbred has been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number ofgenerations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type toensure the homozygosity and phenotypic stability necessary for use incommercial hybrid seed production. The line has been increased both byhand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity.No variant traits have been observed or are expected in PHCND.

Inbred maize line PHCND, being substantially homozygous, can bereproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting maizeplants under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions withadequate isolation, and harvesting the resulting seed using techniquesfamiliar to the agricultural arts.

Genotypic Characteristics of PHCND

In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identifiedby its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through agenetic marker profile, which can identify plants of the same variety ora related variety, or be used to determine or validate a pedigree. TheSSR profile of Inbred PHCND can be found in Table 2 at the end of thissection.

As a result of inbreeding, PHCND is substantially homozygous. Thishomozygosity has been characterized at the loci shown in the markerprofile provided herein. An F1 hybrid made with PHCND would comprise themarker profile of PHCND shown herein. This is because an F1 hybrid isthe sum of its inbred parents, e.g., if one inbred parent is homozygousfor allele x at a particular locus, and the other inbred parent ishomozygous for allele y at that locus, the F1 hybrid will be x.y(heterozygous) at that locus. The profile can therefore be used toidentify hybrids comprising PHCND as a parent, since such hybrids willcomprise two sets of alleles, one set of which will be from PHCND. Thedetermination of the male set of alleles and the female set of allelesmay be made by profiling the hybrid and the pericarp of the hybrid seed,which is composed of maternal parent cells. One way to obtain thepaternal parent profile is to subtract the pericarp profile from thehybrid profile.

Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding areexpected to be of genotype x (homozygous), y (homozygous), or x.y(heterozygous) for these locus positions. When the F1 plant is used toproduce an inbred, the resulting inbred should be either x or y for thatallele. In that regard, a unique allele or combination of alleles uniqueto that inbred can be used to identify progeny plants that retain thoseunique alleles or combinations of alleles.

Therefore, in accordance with the above, an embodiment of this inventionis a PHCND progeny maize plant or plant part that is a first generation(F1) hybrid maize plant comprising two sets of alleles, wherein one setof the alleles is the same as PHCND at all of the SSR loci listed inTable 2. A maize cell wherein one set of the alleles is the same asPHCND at all of the SSR loci listed in Table 2 is also an embodiment ofthe invention. This maize cell may be a part of a hybrid seed, plant orplant part produced by crossing PHCND with another inbred maize plant.

Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such asRestriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly AmplifiedPolymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction(AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence CharacterizedAmplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms(AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to asMicrosatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Forexample, see Berry, Don et al., “Assessing Probability of Ancestry UsingSimple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Hybrids andInbreds”, Genetics, 2002, 161:813-824, and Berry, Don et al., “AssessingProbability of Ancestry Using Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles:Applications to Maize Inbred Lines and Soybean Varieties”, Genetics,2003, 165: 331-342.

Particular markers used for these purposes are not limited to the set ofmarkers disclosed herein, but may include any type of marker and markerprofile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. In additionto being used for identification of Inbred maize line PHCND, a hybridproduced through the use of PHCND, and the identification orverification of pedigree for progeny plants produced through the use ofPHCND, the genetic marker profile is also useful in further breeding andin developing an introgressed trait conversion of PHCND.

Means of performing genetic marker profiles using SSR polymorphisms arewell known in the art. SSRs are genetic markers based on polymorphismsin repeated nucleotide sequences, such as microsatellites. A markersystem based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysisrelative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may bepresent. Another advantage of this type of marker is that, through useof flanking primers, detection of SSRs can be achieved, for example, bythe polymerase chain reaction (PCR), thereby eliminating the need forlabor-intensive Southern hybridization. The PCR detection is done by useof two oligonucleotide primers flanking the polymorphic segment ofrepetitive DNA. Repeated cycles of heat denaturation of the DNA followedby annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences at lowtemperatures, and extension of the annealed primers with DNA polymerase,comprise the major part of the methodology.

Following amplification, markers can be scored by electrophoresis of theamplification products. Scoring of marker genotype is based on the sizeof the amplified fragment, which may be measured by the base pair weightor molecular weight of the fragment. While variation in the primer usedor in laboratory procedures can affect the reported fragment size,relative values should remain constant regardless of the specific primeror laboratory used. When comparing lines it is preferable if all SSRprofiles are performed in the same lab. The SSR analyses reported hereinwere conducted in-house at Pioneer Hi-Bred. An SSR service is availableto the public on a contractual basis by DNA Landmarks inSaint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada.

Primers used for the SSRs reported herein are publicly available and maybe found in the Maize GDB on the World Wide Web at maizegdb.org(sponsored by the USDA Agricultural Research Service), in Sharopova etal. (Plant Mol. Biol. 48(5-6):463-481), Lee et al. (Plant Mol. Biol.48(5-6); 453-461), or may be constructed from sequences if reportedherein. Primers may be constructed from publicly available sequenceinformation. Some marker information may also be available from DNALandmarks.

Map information is provided by bin number as reported in the Maize GDBfor the IBM 2 and/or IBM 2 Neighbors maps. The bin number digits to theleft of decimal point represent the chromosome on which such marker islocated, and the digits to the right of the decimal represent thelocation on such chromosome. A bin number.xx designation indicates thatthe bin location on that chromosome is not known. Map positions are alsoavailable on the Maize GDB for a variety of different mappingpopulations.

PHCND and its plant parts can be identified through a molecular markerprofile. An inbred corn plant cell having the SSR genetic marker profileshown in Table 2 is an embodiment of the invention. Such plant cell maybe either diploid or haploid.

Also encompassed within the scope of the invention are plants and plantparts substantially benefiting from the use of PHCND in theirdevelopment, such as PHCND comprising a introgressed trait throughbackcross conversion or transformation, and which may be identified byhaving an SSR molecular marker profile with a high percent identity toPHCND, such as at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%,89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% identity.Likewise, percent similarity at these percentages may be used toidentify hybrid and other non-inbred plants produced by the use ofPHCND.

An embodiment of this invention is an inbred PHCND progeny maize plantor plant part comprising the same homozygous alleles as the plant orplant part of PHCND for at least 90% of the SSR loci listed in Table 2.A plant cell comprising the same homozygous alleles as a plant cell ofPHCND for at least 90% of the SSR loci listed in Table 2 is also anembodiment of this invention. In these specific embodiments, 90% mayalso be replaced by any integer or partial integer percent of 80% orgreater as listed above. One means of producing such a progeny plant,plant part or cell is through the backcrossing and/or transformationmethods described herein.

Similarly, an embodiment of this invention is a PHCND progeny maizeplant or plant part comprising at least one allele per locus that is thesame allele as the plant or plant part of PHCND for at least 90% of theSSR loci listed in Table 2. This progeny plant may be a hybrid. Aprogeny or hybrid plant cell wherein at least one allele per locus thatis the same allele as the plant cell PHCND for at least 90% of the SSRloci listed in Table 2 is also a specific embodiment of this invention.In these specific embodiments, 90% may also be replaced by any integerpercent listed above. One means of producing such a progeny or hybridplant, plant part or cell is through the backcrossing and/ortransformation methods described herein.

In addition, the SSR profile of PHCND also can be used to identifyessentially derived varieties and other progeny lines developed from theuse of PHCND, as well as cells and other plant parts thereof. Progenyplants and plant parts produced using PHCND may be identified by havinga molecular marker profile of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,55%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%,73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5%genetic contribution from inbred line PHCND, as measured by eitherpercent identity or percent similarity.

Comparing PHCND to Other Inbreds

A breeder uses various methods to help determine which plants should beselected from segregating populations and ultimately which inbred lineswill be used to develop hybrids for commercialization. In addition toknowledge of the germplasm and plant genetics, a part of the selectionprocess is dependent on experimental design coupled with the use ofstatistical analysis. Experimental design and statistical analysis areused to help determine which plants, which family of plants, and finallywhich inbred lines and hybrid combinations are significantly better ordifferent for one or more traits of interest. Experimental designmethods are used to assess error so that differences between two inbredlines or two hybrid lines can be more accurately evaluated. Statisticalanalysis includes the calculation of mean values, determination of thestatistical significance of the sources of variation, and thecalculation of the appropriate variance components. Either a five or aone percent significance level is customarily used to determine whethera difference that occurs for a given trait is real or due to theenvironment or experimental error. One of ordinary skill in the art ofplant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plantvarieties to determine if there is no significant difference between thetwo traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see Fehr, Walt,Principles of Cultivar Development, p. 261-286 (1987). Mean trait valuesmay be used to determine whether trait differences are significant.Trait values should preferably be measured on plants grown under thesame environmental conditions, and environmental conditions should beappropriate for the traits or traits being evaluated. Sufficientselection pressure should be present for optimum measurement of traitsof interest such as herbicide, insect or disease resistance. Similarly,an introgressed trait conversion of PHCND for resistance, such asherbicide resistance, should not be compared to PHCND in the presence ofthe herbicide when comparing non-resistance related traits such as plantheight and yield.

In Table 3, data from traits and characteristics of inbred maize linePHCND per se are given and compared to other maize inbred lines andhybrids. The following are the results of these comparisons. The resultsin Table 3 show inbred PHCND has significantly different traits comparedto other maize inbred lines.

The results in Table 3A compare inbred PHCND to inbred PH2V7. Theresults show inbred PHCND has significantly different tassel size,number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for aninbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plantsshedding pollen, and plant height compared to PH2V7.

The results in Table 3B compare inbred PHCND to inbred PH3KP. Theresults show inbred PHCND differs significantly over multiple traitsincluding yield and ear height when compared to inbred PH3KP.

The results in Table 3C compare inbred PHCND to inbred PH2T6. Theresults show inbred PHCND differs significantly from PH2T6 in a numberof traits including plant height.

Development of Maize Hybrids Using PHCND

A single cross maize hybrid results from the cross of two inbred lines,each of which has a genotype that complements the genotype of the other.The hybrid progeny of the first generation is designated F1. In thedevelopment of commercial hybrids in a maize plant breeding program,only the F1 hybrid plants are sought. F1 hybrids are more vigorous thantheir inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, can be manifestedin many polygenic traits, including increased vegetative growth andincreased yield.

PHCND may be used to produce hybrid maize. One such embodiment is themethod of crossing inbred maize line PHCND with another maize plant,such as a different maize inbred line, to form a first generation F1hybrid seed. The first generation F1 hybrid seed, plant and plant partproduced by this method is an embodiment of the invention. The firstgeneration F1 seed, plant and plant part will comprise an essentiallycomplete set of the alleles of inbred line PHCND. One of ordinary skillin the art can utilize either breeder books or molecular methods toidentify a particular F1 hybrid plant produced using inbred line PHCND.Further, one of ordinary skill in the art may also produce F1 hybridswith transgenic, male sterile and/or backcross conversions of inbredline PHCND The development of a maize hybrid in a maize plant breedingprogram involves three steps: (1) the selection of plants from variousgermplasm pools for initial breeding crosses; (2) the selfing of theselected plants from the breeding crosses for several generations toproduce a series of inbred lines, such as PHCND, which, althoughdifferent from each other, breed true and are highly uniform; and (3)crossing the selected inbred lines with different inbred lines toproduce the hybrids. During the inbreeding process in maize, the vigorof the lines decreases, and so one would not be likely to use PHCNDdirectly to produce grain. However, vigor is restored when PHCND iscrossed to a different inbred line to produce a commercial F1 hybrid. Animportant consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbredline is that the hybrid between a defined pair of inbreds may bereproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parentsis maintained.

PHCND may be used to produce a single cross hybrid, a double crosshybrid, or a three-way hybrid. A single cross hybrid is produced whentwo inbred lines are crossed to produce the F1 progeny. A double crosshybrid is produced from four inbred lines crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D)and then the two F1 hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). A three-waycross hybrid is produced from three inbred lines where two of the inbredlines are crossed (A×B) and then the resulting F1 hybrid is crossed withthe third inbred (A×B)×C. In each case, pericarp tissue from the femaleparent will be a part of and protect the hybrid seed.

Combining Ability of PHCND

Combining ability of a line, as well as the performance of the line perse, is a factor in the selection of improved maize inbreds. Combiningability refers to a line's contribution as a parent when crossed withother lines to form hybrids. The hybrids formed for the purpose ofselecting superior lines may be referred to as test crosses, and includecomparisons to other hybrid varieties grown in the same environment(same cross, location and time of planting). One way of measuringcombining ability is by using values based in part on the overall meanof a number of test crosses weighted by number of experiment andlocation combinations in which the hybrid combinations occurs. The meanmay be adjusted to remove environmental effects and known geneticrelationships among the lines.

General combining ability provides an overall score for the inbred overa large number of test crosses. Specific combining ability providesinformation on hybrid combinations formed by PHCND and a specific inbredparent. A line such as PHCND which exhibits good general combiningability may be used in a large number of hybrid combinations.

A general combining ability report for inbred PHCND is provided in Table4. This data represents the overall mean value for these traits overhundreds of test crosses. Table 4 demonstrates that inbred PHCND showsgood general combining ability for hybrid production.

Hybrid Comparisons

These hybrid comparisons represent specific hybrid crosses with PHCNDand a comparison of these specific hybrids with other hybrids withfavorable characteristics. These comparisons illustrate the goodspecific combining ability of PHCND.

The results in Table 5 compare a specific hybrid for which inbred PHCNDis a parent with other hybrids. The results show that inbred PHCND showsgood specific combining ability.

Introgression of a New Locus or Trait into PHCND

PHCND represents a new base genetic line into which a new locus or traitmay be introgressed. Direct transformation and backcrossing representtwo important methods that can be used to accomplish such anintrogression. The term backcross conversion and single locus conversionare used interchangeably to designate the product of a backcrossingprogram.

Backcross Conversions of PHCND

A backcross conversion of PHCND occurs when DNA sequences are introducedthrough backcrossing (Hallauer et al. in Corn and Corn Improvement,Sprague and Dudley, Third Ed. 1998), with PHCND utilized as therecurrent parent. Both naturally occurring and transgenic DNA sequencesmay be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcrossconversion may produce a plant with a trait or locus conversion in atleast one or more backcrosses, including at least 2 crosses, at least 3crosses, at least 4 crosses, at least 5 crosses and the like. Molecularmarker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce thenumber of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. Forexample, see Openshaw, S. J. et al., Marker-assisted Selection inBackcross Breeding, In: Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis ofMolecular Data, August 1994, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis,Oreg., where it is demonstrated that a backcross conversion can be madein as few as two backcrosses.

The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type oftrait being transferred (single genes or closely linked genes as vs.unlinked genes), the level of expression of the trait, the type ofinheritance (cytoplasmic or nuclear) and the types of parents includedin the cross. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the artthat for single gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, thebackcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage. (SeeHallauer et al. in Corn and Corn Improvement, Sprague and Dudley, ThirdEd. 1998). Desired traits that may be transferred through backcrossconversion include, but are not limited to, waxy starch, sterility(nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, grain color (white),nutritional enhancements, drought resistance, enhanced nitrogenutilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, altered fattyacid profile, increased digestibility, low phytate, industrialenhancements, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal or viral), insectresistance, herbicide resistance and yield enhancements. In addition, anintrogression site itself, such as an FRT site, Lox site or other sitespecific integration site, may be inserted by backcrossing and utilizedfor direct insertion of one or more genes of interest into a specificplant variety. In some embodiments of the invention, the number of locithat may be backcrossed into PHCND is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 and/orno more than 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. A single loci may contain severaltransgenes, such as a transgene for disease resistance that, in the sameexpression vector, also contains a transgene for herbicide resistance.The gene for herbicide resistance may be used as a selectable markerand/or as a phenotypic trait. A single locus conversion of site specificintegration system allows for the integration of multiple genes at theconverted loci. Further, SSI and FRT technologies known to those ofskill in the art in the art may result in multiple gene introgressionsat a single locus.

The backcross conversion may result from either the transfer of adominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containingthe trait of interest is accomplished by direct selection for a traitassociated with a dominant allele. Transgenes transferred viabackcrossing typically function as a dominant single gene trait and arerelatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait that istransferred via a recessive allele, such as the waxy starchcharacteristic, requires growing and selfing the first backcrossgeneration to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles.Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successivebackcross generations to determine the presence of the locus ofinterest. The last backcross generation is usually selfed to give purebreeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred, although a backcrossconversion with a stably introgressed trait may also be maintained byfurther backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection for theconverted trait.

Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected forthe phenotype of the recurrent parent. While occasionally additionalpolynucleotide sequences or genes may be transferred along with thebackcross conversion, the backcross conversion line “fits into the samehybrid combination as the recurrent parent inbred line and contributesthe effect of the additional gene added through the backcross.” Poehlmanet al. (1995, page 334). It has been proposed that in general thereshould be at least four backcrosses when it is important that therecovered lines be essentially identical to the recurrent parent exceptfor the characteristic being transferred (Fehr 1987, Principles ofCultivar Development). However, as noted above, the number ofbackcrosses necessary can be reduced with the use of molecular markers.Other factors, such as a genetically similar donor parent, may alsoreduce the number of backcrosses necessary.

One process for adding or modifying a trait or locus in maize inbredline PHCND comprises crossing PHCND plants grown from PHCND seed withplants of another maize line that comprise the desired trait or locus,selecting F1 progeny plants that comprise the desired trait or locus toproduce selected F1 progeny plants, crossing the selected progeny plantswith the PHCND plants to produce backcross progeny plants, selecting forbackcross progeny plants that have the desired trait or locus and themorphological characteristics of maize inbred line PHCND to produceselected backcross progeny plants; and backcrossing to PHCND three ormore times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcrossprogeny plants that comprise said trait or locus. The modified PHCND maybe further characterized as having the physiological and morphologicalcharacteristics of maize inbred line PHCND listed in Table 1 asdetermined at the 5% significance level when grown in the sameenvironmental conditions and/or may be characterized by percentsimilarity or identity to PHCND as determined by SSR markers. The abovemethod may be utilized with fewer backcrosses in appropriate situations,such as when the donor parent is highly related or markers are used inthe selection step. Desired traits that may be used include thosenucleic acids known in the art, some of which are listed herein, thatwill affect traits through nucleic acid expression or inhibition.Desired loci include the introgression of FRT, Lox and other sites forsite specific integration.

In addition, the above process and other similar processes describedherein may be used to produce F1 hybrid maize seed by adding a step atthe end of the process that comprises crossing PHCND with theintrogressed trait or locus with a different maize plant and harvestingthe resultant F1 hybrid maize seed.

Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production

Hybrid seed production requires elimination or inactivation of pollenproduced by the female inbred parent. Incomplete removal or inactivationof the pollen provides the potential for self-pollination. A reliablemethod of controlling male fertility in plants offers the opportunityfor improved seed production.

PHCND can be produced in a male-sterile form. There are several ways inwhich a maize plant can be manipulated so that it is male sterile. Theseinclude use of manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), useof one or more genetic factors that confer male sterility, includingcytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility, use ofgametocides and the like. A male sterile inbred designated PHCND mayinclude one or more genetic factors, which result in cytoplasmic geneticand/or nuclear genetic male sterility. All of such embodiments arewithin the scope of the present claims. The male sterility may be eitherpartial or complete male sterility.

Hybrid maize seed is often produced by a male sterility systemincorporating manual or mechanical detasseling. Alternate strips of twomaize inbreds are planted in a field, and the pollen-bearing tassels areremoved from one of the inbreds (female). Provided that there issufficient isolation from sources of foreign maize pollen, the ears ofthe detasseled inbred will be fertilized only from the other inbred(male), and the resulting seed is therefore hybrid and will form hybridplants.

The laborious detasseling process can be avoided by using cytoplasmicmale-sterile (CMS) inbreds. Plants of a CMS inbred are male sterile as aresult of genetic factors in the cytoplasm, as opposed to the nucleus,and so nuclear linked genes are not transferred during backcrossing.Thus, this characteristic is inherited exclusively through the femaleparent in maize plants, since only the female provides cytoplasm to thefertilized seed. CMS plants are fertilized with pollen from anotherinbred that is not male-sterile. Pollen from the second inbred may ormay not contribute genes that make the hybrid plants male-fertile, andeither option may be preferred depending on the intended use of thehybrid. The same hybrid seed, a portion produced from detasseled fertilemaize and a portion produced using the CMS system, can be blended toinsure that adequate pollen loads are available for fertilization whenthe hybrid plants are grown. CMS systems have been successfully usedsince the 1950's, and the male sterility trait is routinely backcrossedinto inbred lines. See Wych, p. 585-586, 1998.

There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterilityavailable, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations withinthe genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations asdescribed by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. Inaddition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068,describe a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifyinga gene which is critical to male fertility; silencing this native genewhich is critical to male fertility; removing the native promoter fromthe essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an induciblepromoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into theplant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because theinducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene notbeing transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”,the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertilityto be transcribed.

These, and the other methods of conferring genetic male sterility in theart, each possess their own benefits and drawbacks. Some other methodsuse a variety of approaches such as delivering into the plant a geneencoding a cytotoxic substance associated with a male tissue specificpromoter or an antisense system in which a gene critical to fertility isidentified and an antisense to that gene is inserted in the plant (seeFabinjanski, et al. EPO 89/3010153.8 publication no. 329,308 and PCTapplication PCT/CA90/00037 published as WO 90/08828).

Another system for controlling male sterility makes use of gametocides.Gametocides are not a genetic system, but rather a topical applicationof chemicals. These chemicals affect cells that are critical to malefertility. The application of these chemicals affects fertility in theplants only for the growing season in which the gametocide is applied(see Carlson, Glenn R., U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,904). Application of thegametocide, timing of the application and genotype specificity oftenlimit the usefulness of the approach and it is not appropriate in allsituations.

Incomplete control over male fertility may result in self-pollinatedseed being unintentionally harvested and packaged with hybrid seed. Thiswould typically be only female parent seed, because the male plant isgrown in rows that are typically destroyed prior to seed development.Once the seed from the hybrid bag is planted, it is possible to identifyand select these self-pollinated plants. These self-pollinated plantswill be one of the inbred lines used to produce the hybrid. Though thepossibility of inbred PHCND being included in a hybrid seed bag exists,the occurrence is very low because much care is taken by seed companiesto avoid such inclusions. It is worth noting that hybrid seed is sold togrowers for the production of grain or forage and not for breeding orseed production. These self-pollinated plants can be identified andselected by one skilled in the art due to their less vigorous appearancefor vegetative and/or reproductive characteristics, including shorterplant height, small ear size, ear and kernel shape, cob color, or othercharacteristics.

Identification of these self-pollinated lines can also be accomplishedthrough molecular marker analyses. See, “The Identification of FemaleSelfs in Hybrid Maize: A Comparison Using Electrophoresis andMorphology”, Smith, J. S. C. and Wych, R. D., Seed Science andTechnology 14, 1-8 (1995), the disclosure of which is expresslyincorporated herein by reference. Through these technologies, thehomozygosity of the self pollinated line can be verified by analyzingallelic composition at various loci along the genome. Those methodsallow for rapid identification of the invention disclosed herein. Seealso, “Identification of Atypical Plants in Hybrid Maize Seed byPostcontrol and Electrophoresis” Sarca, V. et al., Probleme de GeneticaTeoritica si Aplicata Vol. 20 (1) p. 29-42.

An embodiment of this invention is a process for producing seed of PHCNDcomprising planting a collection of seed comprising seed of a hybrid,one of whose parents is inbred PHCND said collection also comprisingseed of said inbred, growing plants from said collection of seed,identifying inbred parent plants, selecting said inbred parent plant;and controlling pollination to preserve the homozygosity of said inbredparent plant.

Transformation

The advent of new molecular biological techniques has allowed theisolation and characterization of genetic elements with specificfunctions, such as encoding specific protein products. Scientists in thefield of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering thegenome of plants to contain and express foreign genetic elements, oradditional, or modified versions of native or endogenous geneticelements in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner.Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the samespecies, which are inserted into the genome using transformation arereferred to herein collectively as “transgenes”. In some embodiments ofthe invention, a transformed variant of PHCND may contain at least onetransgene but could contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2.Over the last fifteen to twenty years several methods for producingtransgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention alsorelates to transformed versions of the claimed inbred maize line PHCNDas well as hybrid combinations thereof.

Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, includingbiological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, forexample, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA intoPlants” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick,B. R. and Thompson, J. E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pages67-88 and Armstrong, “The First Decade of Maize Transformation: A Reviewand Future Perspective” (Maydica 44:101-109, 1999). In addition,expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissuetransformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, forexample, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation” in Methods inPlant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J.E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pages 89-119.

The most prevalent types of plant transformation involve theconstruction of an expression vector. Such a vector comprises a DNAsequence that contains a gene under the control of or operatively linkedto a regulatory element, for example a promoter. The vector may containone or more genes and one or more regulatory elements.

A genetic trait which has been engineered into the genome of aparticular maize plant using transformation techniques, could be movedinto the genome of another line using traditional breeding techniquesthat are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, abackcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgene from atransformed maize plant to an elite inbred line, and the resultingprogeny would then comprise the transgene(s). Also, if an inbred linewas used for the transformation then the transgenic plants could becrossed to a different inbred in order to produce a transgenic hybridmaize plant.

Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome usingtransformation. These elements include, but are not limited to genes;coding sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specificpromoters; enhancing sequences; and signal and targeting sequences. Forexample, see the traits, genes and transformation methods listed in U.S.Pat. No. 6,118,055. In addition, transformability of a line can beincreased by introgressing the trait of high transformability fromanother line known to have high transformability, such as Hi-II. SeeU.S. Patent Application Publication US2004/0016030 (2004).

With transgenic plants according to the present invention, a foreignprotein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques forthe selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are wellunderstood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic plants that areharvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein then can beextracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Proteinextraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods whichare discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr, Anal. Biochem. 114: 92-6(1981).

A genetic map can be generated, primarily via conventional RestrictionFragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)analysis, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and Single NucleotidePolymorphisms (SNP) that identifies the approximate chromosomal locationof the integrated DNA molecule. For exemplary methodologies in thisregard, see Glick and Thompson, Methods in Plant Molecular Biology andBiotechnology 269-284 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993).

Wang et al. discuss “Large Scale Identification, Mapping and Genotypingof Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Genome”, Science,280:1077-1082, 1998, and similar capabilities are becoming increasinglyavailable for the corn genome. Map information concerning chromosomallocation is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenicplant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made withother germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared tosimilar maps for suspect plants to determine if the latter have a commonparentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons would involvehybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR and sequencing, all of which areconventional techniques. SNPs may also be used alone or in combinationwith other techniques.

Likewise, by means of the present invention, plants can be geneticallyengineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Throughthe transformation of maize the expression of genes can be altered toenhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance,agronomic, grain quality and other traits. Transformation can also beused to insert DNA sequences which control or help controlmale-sterility. DNA sequences native to maize as well as non-native DNAsequences can be transformed into maize and used to alter levels ofnative or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences,enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into themaize genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins.Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as genesilencing, or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects ofgenetic engineering in plants.

Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in theart, including but not limited to knock-outs (such as by insertion of atransposable element such as mu (Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook ch.118 (Springer-Verlag 1994) or other genetic elements such as a FRT, Loxor other site specific integration site, antisense technology (see,e.g., Sheehy et al. (1988) PNAS USA 85:8805-8809; and U.S. Pat. Nos.5,107,065; 5,453,566; and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., Taylor(1997) Plant Cell 9:1245; Jorgensen (1990) Trends Biotech.8(12):340-344; Flavell (1994) PNAS USA 91:3490-3496; Finnegan et al.(1994) Bio/Technology 12: 883-888; and Neuhuber et al. (1994) Mol. Gen.Genet. 244:230-241); RNA interference (Napoli et al. (1990) Plant Cell2:279-289; U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323; Sharp (1999) Genes Dev. 13:139-141;Zamore et al. (2000) Cell 101:25-33; and Montgomery et al. (1998) PNASUSA 95:15502-15507), virus-induced gene silencing (Burton, et al. (2000)Plant Cell 12:691-705; and Baulcombe (1999) Curr. Op. Plant Bio.2:109-113); target-RNA-specific ribozymes (Haseloff et al. (1988) Nature334: 585-591); hairpin structures (Smith et al. (2000) Nature407:319-320; WO 99/53050; and WO 98/53083); MicroRNA (Aukerman & Sakai(2003) Plant Cell 15:2730-2741); ribozymes (Steinecke et al. (1992) EMBOJ. 11:1525; and Perriman et al. (1993) Antisense Res. Dev. 3:253);oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 andWO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620; WO03/048345; and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of theabove methods known to those of skill in the art.

Exemplary nucleotide sequences that may be altered by geneticengineering include, but are not limited to, those categorized below.

1. Transgenes that Confer Resistance to Insects or Disease and thatEncode:

(A) Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activatedby specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene(R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr)gene in the pathogen. A plant variety can be transformed with clonedresistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specificpathogen strains. See, for example Jones et al., Science 266: 789 (1994)(cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum);Martin et al., Science 262: 1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistanceto Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); Mindrinoset al., Cell 78: 1089 (1994) (Arabidopsis RSP2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae); McDowell & Woffenden, (2003) Trends Biotechnol.21(4): 178-83 and Toyoda et al., (2002) Transgenic Res. 11(6):567-82. Aplant resistant to a disease is one that is more resistant to a pathogenas compared to the wild type plant.

(B) A Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof or asynthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al.,Gene 48: 109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence ofa Bt delta-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encodingdelta-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type CultureCollection (Rockville, Md.), for example, under ATCC Accession Nos.40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Other examples of Bacillus thuringiensistransgenes being genetically engineered are given in the followingpatents and patent applications and hereby are incorporated by referencefor this purpose: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; WO91/14778; WO 99/31248; WO 01/12731; WO 99/24581; WO 97/40162 and U.S.application Ser. Nos. 10/032,717; 10/414,637; and 10/606,320.

(C) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid andjuvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or anantagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure byHammock et al., Nature 344: 458 (1990), of baculovirus expression ofcloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone.

(D) An insect-specific peptide which, upon expression, disrupts thephysiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures ofRegan, J. Biol. Chem. 269: 9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNAcoding for insect diuretic hormone receptor); Pratt et al., Biochem.Biophys. Res. Comm. 163: 1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified inDiploptera puntata); Chattopadhyay et al. (2004) Critical Reviews inMicrobiology 30 (1): 33-54 2004; Zjawiony (2004) J Nat Prod 67 (2):300-310; Carlini & Grossi-de-Sa (2002) Toxicon, 40 (11): 1515-1539;Ussuf et al. (2001) Curr Sci. 80 (7): 847-853; and Vasconcelos &Oliveira (2004) Toxicon 44 (4): 385-403. See also U.S. Pat. No.5,266,317 to Tomalski et al., who disclose genes encodinginsect-specific toxins.

(E) An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of a monterpene, asesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivativeor another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.

(F) An enzyme involved in the modification, including thepost-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; forexample, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme,a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, aphosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, achitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCTapplication WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott et al., which discloses thenucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which containchitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCCunder Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also Kramer et al., InsectBiochem. Molec. Biol. 23: 691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequenceof a cDNA encoding tobacco hookworm chitinase, and Kawalleck et al.,Plant Molec. Biol. 21: 673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequenceof the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene, U.S. application Ser. Nos.10/389,432, 10/692,367, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,563,020.

(G) A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see thedisclosure by Botella et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 24: 757 (1994), ofnucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess etal., Plant Physiol. 104: 1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotidesequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone.

(H) A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT application WO 95/16776 andU.S. Pat. No. 5,580,852 (disclosure of peptide derivatives ofTachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT application WO95/18855 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,914) (teaches synthetic antimicrobialpeptides that confer disease resistance).

(I) A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. Forexample, see the disclosure by Jaynes et al., Plant Sci. 89: 43 (1993),of heterologous expression of a cecropin-beta lytic peptide analog torender transgenic tobacco plants resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum.

(J) A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. Forexample, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plantcells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease developmenteffected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, aswell as by related viruses. See Beachy et al., Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.28: 451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upontransformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus,tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etchvirus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id.

(K) An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom.Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in theinsect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. CfTaylor et al., Abstract #497, SEVENTH INT'L SYMPOSIUM ON MOLECULARPLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS (Edinburgh, Scotland, 1994) (enzymaticinactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chainantibody fragments).

(L) A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al.,Nature 366: 469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressingrecombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack.

(M) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogenor a parasite. Thus, fungal endo alpha-1,4-D-polygalacturonasesfacilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release bysolubilizing plant cell wall homo-alpha-1,4-D-galacturonase. See Lamb etal., Bio/Technology 10: 1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization ofa gene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein isdescribed by Toubart et al., Plant J. 2: 367 (1992).

(N) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. Forexample, Logemann et al., Bio/Technology 10: 305 (1992), have shown thattransgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene havean increased resistance to fungal disease.

(O) Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Responseand/or the pathogenesis related genes. Briggs, S., Current Biology,5(2):128-131 (1995), Pieterse & Van Loon (2004) Curr. Opin. Plant Bio.7(4):456-64 and Somssich (2003) Cell 113(7):815-6.

(P) Antifungal genes (Cornelissen and Melchers, Pl. Physiol.101:709-712, (1993) and Parijs et al., Planta 183:258-264, (1991) andBushnell et al., Can. J. of Plant Path. 20(2):137-149 (1998). Also seeU.S. application Ser. No. 09/950,933.

(Q) Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin,moniliformin and zearalenone and their structurally related derivatives.For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,931.

(R) Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. See U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/947,979.

(S) Defensin genes. See WO03000863 and U.S. application Ser. No.10/178,213.

(T) Genes conferring resistance to nematodes. See WO 03/033651 and Urwinet. al., Planta 204:472-479 (1998), Williamson (1999) Curr Opin PlantBio. 2(4):327-31.

2. Transgenes that Confer Resistance to a Herbicide, for Example:

(A) A herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as animidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category codefor mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J. 7: 1241 (1988), and Miki et al., Theor. Appl. Genet 80: 449(1990), respectively. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659;5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107;5,928,937; and 5,378,824; and international publication WO 96/33270,which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose.

(B) Glyphosate (resistance imparted by mutant5-enolpyruvl-3-phosphikimate synthase (EPSP) and aroA genes,respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate(phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) and Streptomyceshygroscopicus phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar) genes), andpyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cycloshexones (ACCaseinhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 toShah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPSwhich can confer glyphosate resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 to Barryet al. also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,566,587; 6,338,961; 6,248,876 B1; 6,040,497; 5,804,425;5,633,435; 5,145,783; 4,971,908; 5,312,910; 5,188,642; 4,940,835;5,866,775; 6,225,114 B1; 6,130,366; 5,310,667; 4,535,060; 4,769,061;5,633,448; 5,510,471; Re. 36,449; RE 37,287 E; and 5,491,288; andinternational publications EP1173580; WO 01/66704; EP1173581 andEP1173582, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose.Glyphosate resistance is also imparted to plants that express a genethat encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme as described more fullyin U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175, which are incorporated hereinby reference for this purpose. In addition glyphosate resistance can beimparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosateN-acetyltransferase. See, for example, U.S. Application Serial Nos.US01/46227; 10/427,692 and 10/427,692. A DNA molecule encoding a mutantaroA gene can be obtained under ATCC accession No. 39256, and thenucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,769,061 to Comai. European Patent Application No. 0 333 033 to Kumadaet al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al. disclose nucleotidesequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance toherbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of aphosphinothricin-acetyltransferase gene is provided in European PatentNo. 0 242 246 and 0 242 236 to Leemans et al. De Greef et al.,Bio/Technology 7: 61 (1989), describe the production of transgenicplants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricinacetyl transferase activity. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,213;5,489,520; 5,550,318; 5,874,265; 5,919,675; 5,561,236; 5,648,477;5,646,024; 6,177,616 B1; and 5,879,903, which are incorporated herein byreference for this purpose. Exemplary genes conferring resistance tophenoxy proprionic acids and cycloshexones, such as sethoxydim andhaloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 genes described byMarshall et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 83: 435 (1992).

(C) A herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbAand gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibilla et al.,Plant Cell 3: 169 (1991), describe the transformation of Chlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences fornitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, andDNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC AccessionNos. 53435, 67441 and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for aglutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al., Biochem. J. 285:173 (1992).

(D) Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants thatexpress this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has beenintroduced into a variety of plants (see, e.g., Hattori et al. (1995)Mol Gen Genet 246:419). Other genes that confer resistance to herbicidesinclude: a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota et al. (1994)Plant Physiol. 106:17), genes for glutathione reductase and superoxidedismutase (Aono et al. (1995) Plant Cell Physiol 36:1687, and genes forvarious phosphotransferases (Datta et al. (1992) Plant Mol Biol 20:619).

(E) Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox) is necessary for the productionof chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protoxenzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. Theseherbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plantspresent, causing their total destruction. The development of plantscontaining altered protox activity which are resistant to theseherbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306 B1; 6,282,837 B1;and 5,767,373; and international publication WO 01/12825.

3. Transgenes that Confer or Contribute to an Altered GrainCharacteristic, Such as:

(A) Altered fatty acids, for example, by

-   -   (1) Down-regulation of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase        stearic acid content of the plant. See Knultzon et al., Proc.        Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 2624 (1992) and WO99/64579 (Genes for        Desaturases to Alter Lipid Profiles in Corn),    -   (2) Elevating oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or        decreasing linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification (see U.S.        Pat. Nos. 6,063,947; 6,323,392; 6,372,965 and WO 93/11245),    -   (3) Altering conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content, such        as in WO 01/12800,    -   (4) Altering LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Superal1, mi1ps, various lpa genes        such as lpa1, lpa3, hpt or hggt. For example, see WO 02/42424,        WO 98/22604, WO 03/011015, U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,886, U.S. Pat.        No. 6,197,561, U.S. Pat. No. 6,825,397, US2003/0079247,        US2003/0204870, WO02/057439, WO03/011015 and Rivera-Madrid, R.        et. al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:5620-5624 (1995).

(B) Altered phosphorus content, for example, by the

-   -   (1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene would enhance        breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the        transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al.,        Gene 127: 87 (1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence        of an Aspergillus niger phytase gene.    -   (2) Up-regulation of a gene that reduces phytate content. In        maize, this, for example, could be accomplished, by cloning and        then re-introducing DNA associated with one or more of the        alleles, such as the LPA alleles, identified in maize mutants        characterized by low levels of phytic acid, such as in Raboy et        al., Maydica 35: 383 (1990) and/or by altering inositol kinase        activity as in WO 02/059324, US2003/0009011, WO 03/027243,        US2003/0079247, WO 99/05298, U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,561, U.S. Pat.        No. 6,291,224, U.S. Pat. No. 6,391,348, WO2002/059324,        US2003/0079247, Wo98/45448, WO99/55882, WO01/04147.

(C) Altered carbohydrates effected, for example, by altering a gene foran enzyme that affects the branching pattern of starch or a genealtering thioredoxin (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,648). See Shiroza et al.,J. Bacteriol. 170: 810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence of Streptococcusmutans fructosyltransferase gene), Steinmetz et al., Mol. Gen. Genet.200: 220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence of Bacillus subtilis levansucrasegene), Pen et al., Bio/Technology 10: 292 (1992) (production oftransgenic plants that express Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase),Elliot et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21: 515 (1993) (nucleotide sequencesof tomato invertase genes), Søgaard et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268: 22480(1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley alpha-amylase gene), andFisher et al., Plant Physiol. 102: 1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starchbranching enzyme II), WO 99/10498 (improved digestibility and/or starchextraction through modification of UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase, Fragile 1and 2, Ref1, HCHL, C4H), U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529 (method of producinghigh oil seed by modification of starch levels (AGP)). The fatty acidmodification genes mentioned above may also be used to affect starchcontent and/or composition through the interrelationship of the starchand oil pathways.

(D) Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration oftocopherol or tocotrienols. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,683,US2004/0034886 and WO 00/68393 involving the manipulation of antioxidantlevels through alteration of a phytl prenyl transferase (ppt), WO03/082899 through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl geranyltransferase (hggt).

(E) Altered essential seed amino acids. For example, see U.S. Pat. No.6,127,600 (method of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids inseeds), U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,913 (binary methods of increasingaccumulation of essential amino acids in seeds), U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389(high lysine), WO99/40209 (alteration of amino acid compositions inseeds), WO99/29882 (methods for altering amino acid content ofproteins), U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 (alteration of amino acidcompositions in seeds), WO98/20133 (proteins with enhanced levels ofessential amino acids), U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 (high methionine), U.S.Pat. No. 5,885,801 (high threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,445 (plantamino acid biosynthetic enzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 (increasedlysine and threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,274 (plant tryptophansynthase beta subunit), U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,403 (methionine metabolicenzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,599 (high sulfur), U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414(increased methionine), WO98/56935 (plant amino acid biosyntheticenzymes), WO98/45458 (engineered seed protein having higher percentageof essential amino acids), WO98/42831 (increased lysine), U.S. Pat. No.5,633,436 (increasing sulfur amino acid content), U.S. Pat. No.5,559,223 (synthetic storage proteins with defined structure containingprogrammable levels of essential amino acids for improvement of thenutritional value of plants), WO96/01905 (increased threonine),WO95/15392 (increased lysine), US2003/0163838, US2003/0150014,US2004/0068767, U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,498, WO01/79516, and WO00/09706 (CesA: cellulose synthase), U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (hemicellulose), U.S.Pat. No. 6,399,859 and US2004/0025203 (UDPGdH), U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638(RGP).

4. Genes that Control Male-Sterility

There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterilityavailable, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations withinthe genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations asdescribed by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. Inaddition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068,describe a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifyinga gene which is critical to male fertility; silencing this native genewhich is critical to male fertility; removing the native promoter fromthe essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an induciblepromoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into theplant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because theinducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene notbeing transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”,the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertilityto be transcribed.

(A) Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of atapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemicalN-Ac-PPT (WO 01/29237).

(B) Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters (WO 92/13956, WO92/13957).

(C) Introduction of the barnase and the barstar gene (Paul et al. PlantMol. Biol. 19:611-622, 1992).

For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems andgenes, see also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,341; U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,426; U.S.Pat. No. 5,478,369; U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,524; $$ U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,014;and U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,640; all of which are hereby incorporated byreference.

5. Genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration. Thisincludes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRTsystem and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system. Forexample, see Lyznik, et al., Site-Specific Recombination for GeneticEngineering in Plants, Plant Cell Rep (2003) 21:925-932 and WO 99/25821,which are hereby incorporated by reference. Other systems that may beused include the Gin recombinase of phage Mu (Maeser et al., 1991; VickiChandler, The Maize Handbook ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994), the Pinrecombinase of E. coli (Enomoto et al., 1983), and the R/RS system ofthe pSR1 plasmid (Araki et al., 1992).6. Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but notlimited to flowering, ear and seed development, enhancement of nitrogenutilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, droughtresistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, and saltresistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example,see: WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered throughalteration of malate; U.S. Pat. No. 5,892,009, U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,705,U.S. Pat. No. 5,929,305, U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,859, U.S. Pat. No.6,417,428, U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,446, U.S. Pat. No. 6,706,866, U.S. Pat.No. $$ 6,717,034, U.S. Pat. No. 6,801,104, WO2000060089, WO2001026459,WO2001035725, WO2001034726, WO2001035727, WO2001036444, WO2001036597,WO2001036598, WO2002015675, WO2002017430, WO2002077185, WO2002079403,WO2003013227, WO2003013228, WO2003014327, WO2004031349, WO2004076638,WO9809521, and WO9938977 describing genes, including CBF genes andtranscription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects offreezing, high salinity, and drought on plants, as well as conferringother positive effects on plant phenotype; US2004/0148654 and WO01/36596where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved plantphenotype such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abioticstress; WO2000/006341, WO04/090143, U.S. application Ser. Nos.10/817,483 and 09/545,334 where cytokinin expression is modifiedresulting in plants with increased stress tolerance, such as droughttolerance, and/or increased yield. Also see WO0202776, WO2003052063,JP2002281975, U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153, WO0164898, U.S. Pat. No.6,177,275, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogenutilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness). For ethylenealteration, see US20040128719, US20030166197 and WO200032761. For planttranscription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress,see e.g. US20040098764 or US20040078852.

Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth andagronomic traits such as yield, flowering, plant growth and/or plantstructure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants, see e.g.WO97/49811 (LHY), WO98/56918 (ESD4), WO97/10339 and U.S. Pat. No.6,573,430 (TFL), U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,663 (FT), WO96/14414 (CON),WO96/38560, WO01/21822 (VRN1), WO00/44918 (VRN2), WO99/49064 (GI),WO00/46358 (FRI), WO97/29123, U.S. Pat. No. 6,794,560, U.S. Pat. No.6,307,126 (GAI), WO99/09174 (D8 and Rht), and WO2004076638 andWO2004031349 (transcription factors).

Using PHCND to Develop Other Maize Inbreds

Inbred maize lines such as PHCND are typically developed for use in theproduction of hybrid maize lines. However, inbred lines such as PHCNDalso provide a source of breeding material that may be used to developnew maize inbred lines. Plant breeding techniques known in the art andused in a maize plant breeding program include, but are not limited to,recurrent selection, mass selection, bulk selection, mass selection,backcrossing, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding, restrictionfragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhancedselection, making double haploids, and transformation. Oftencombinations of these techniques are used. The development of maizehybrids in a maize plant breeding program requires, in general, thedevelopment of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, andthe evaluation of the crosses. There are many analytical methodsavailable to evaluate the result of a cross. The oldest and mosttraditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traitsbut genotypic analysis may also be used.

Using PHCND in a Breeding Program

This invention is directed to methods for producing a maize plant bycrossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plantwherein either the first or second parent maize plant is an inbred maizeplant of the line PHCND. The other parent may be any other maize plant,such as another inbred line or a plant that is part of a synthetic ornatural population. Any such methods using the inbred maize line PHCNDare part of this invention: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, massselection, pedigree breeding, bulk selection, hybrid production, crossesto populations, and the like. These methods are well known in the artand some of the more commonly used breeding methods are described below.Descriptions of breeding methods can also be found in one of severalreference books (e.g., Allard, Principles of Plant Breeding, 1960;Simmonds, Principles of Crop Improvement, 1979; Fehr, “Breeding Methodsfor Cultivar Development”, Production and Uses, 2^(nd) ed., Wilcoxeditor, 1987).

Pedigree Breeding

Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, such asPHCND and one other elite inbred line having one or more desirablecharacteristics that is lacking or which complements PHCND. If the twooriginal parents do not provide all the desired characteristics, othersources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigreemethod, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive filialgenerations. In the succeeding filial generations the heterozygouscondition gives way to homogeneous lines as a result of self-pollinationand selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding, five ormore successive filial generations of selfing and selection ispracticed: F1→F2; F2→F3; F3→F4; F4→F5, etc. After a sufficient amount ofinbreeding, successive filial generations will serve to increase seed ofthe developed inbred. Preferably, the inbred line comprises homozygousalleles at about 95% or more of its loci.

In addition to being used to create a backcross conversion, backcrossingcan also be used in combination with pedigree breeding to modify PHCNDand a hybrid that is made using the modified PHCND. As discussedpreviously, backcrossing can be used to transfer one or morespecifically desirable traits from one line, the donor parent, to aninbred called the recurrent parent, which has overall good agronomiccharacteristics yet lacks that desirable trait or traits. However, thesame procedure can be used to move the progeny toward the genotype ofthe recurrent parent but at the same time retain many components of thenon-recurrent parent by stopping the backcrossing at an early stage andproceeding with selfing and selection. For example, an F1, such as acommercial hybrid, is created. This commercial hybrid may be backcrossedto one of its parent lines to create a BC1 or BC2. Progeny are selfedand selected so that the newly developed inbred has many of theattributes of the recurrent parent and yet several of the desiredattributes of the non-recurrent parent. This approach leverages thevalue and strengths of the recurrent parent for use in new hybrids andbreeding.

Therefore, an embodiment of this invention is a method of making abackcross conversion of maize inbred line PHCND, comprising the steps ofcrossing a plant of maize inbred line PHCND with a donor plantcomprising a mutant gene or transgene conferring a desired trait,selecting an F1 progeny plant comprising the mutant gene or transgeneconferring the desired trait, and backcrossing the selected F1 progenyplant to a plant of maize inbred line PHCND. This method may furthercomprise the step of obtaining a molecular marker profile of maizeinbred line PHCND and using the molecular marker profile to select for aprogeny plant with the desired trait and the molecular marker profile ofPHCND. In the same manner, this method may be used to produce an F1hybrid seed by adding a final step of crossing the desired traitconversion of maize inbred line PHCND with a different maize plant tomake F1 hybrid maize seed comprising a mutant gene or transgeneconferring the desired trait.

Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection

Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program toimprove a population of plants. PHCND is suitable for use in a recurrentselection program. The method entails individual plants crosspollinating with each other to form progeny. The progeny are grown andthe superior progeny selected by any number of selection methods, whichinclude individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny, selfedprogeny and topcrossing. The selected progeny are cross pollinated witheach other to form progeny for another population. This population isplanted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate witheach other. Recurrent selection is a cyclical process and therefore canbe repeated as many times as desired. The objective of recurrentselection is to improve the traits of a population. The improvedpopulation can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtaininbred lines to be used in hybrids or used as parents for a syntheticcultivar. A synthetic cultivar is the resultant progeny formed by theintercrossing of several selected inbreds.

Mass selection is a useful technique when used in conjunction withmolecular marker enhanced selection. In mass selection seeds fromindividuals are selected based on phenotype and/or genotype. Theseselected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next generation.Bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot,allowing the plants to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk andthen using a sample of the seed harvested in bulk to plant the nextgeneration. Instead of self pollination, directed pollination could beused as part of the breeding program.

Mutation Breeding

Mutation breeding is one of many methods that could be used to introducenew traits into PHCND. Mutations that occur spontaneously or areartificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plantbreeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate ofmutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increasedby many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage,tissue culture conditions, radiation; such as X-rays, Gamma rays (e.g.cobalt 60 or cesium 137), neutrons, (product of nuclear fission byuranium 235 in an atomic reactor), Beta radiation (emitted fromradioisotopes such as phosphorus 32 or carbon 14), or ultravioletradiation (preferably from 2500 to 2900 nm), or chemical mutagens (suchas base analogues (5-bromo-uracil), related compounds (8-ethoxycaffeine), antibiotics (streptonigrin), alkylating agents (sulfurmustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethylenamines, sulfates,sulfonates, sulfones, lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, oracridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis thetrait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditionalbreeding techniques, such as backcrossing. Details of mutation breedingcan be found in “Principles of Cultivar Development” Fehr, 1993Macmillan Publishing Company. In addition, mutations created in otherlines may be used to produce a backcross conversion of PHCND thatcomprises such mutation.

Breeding with Molecular Markers

Molecular markers, which includes markers identified through the use oftechniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment LengthPolymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs),Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA AmplificationFingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs),Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats(SSRs) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), may be used in plantbreeding methods utilizing PHCND.

Isozyme Electrophoresis and RFLPs as discussed in Lee, M., “Inbred Linesof Maize and Their Molecular Markers,” The Maize Handbook,(Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc. 1994, at 423-432), have been widelyused to determine genetic composition. Isozyme Electrophoresis has arelatively low number of available markers and a low number of allelicvariants among maize inbreds. RFLPs allow more discrimination becausethey have a higher degree of allelic variation in maize and a largernumber of markers can be found. Both of these methods have been eclipsedby SSRs as discussed in Smith et al., “An evaluation of the utility ofSSR loci as molecular markers in maize (Zea mays L.): comparisons withdata from RFLPs and pedigree”, Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1997)vol. 95 at 163-173 and by Pejic et al., “Comparative analysis of geneticsimilarity among maize inbreds detected by RFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, andAFLPs,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1998) at 1248-1255incorporated herein by reference. SSR technology is more efficient andpractical to use than RFLPs; more marker loci can be routinely used andmore alleles per marker locus can be found using SSRs in comparison toRFLPs. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms may also be used to identify theunique genetic composition of the invention and progeny lines retainingthat unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques maybe used in combination to enhance overall resolution.

Maize DNA molecular marker linkage maps have been rapidly constructedand widely implemented in genetic studies. One such study is describedin Boppenmaier, et al., “Comparisons among strains of inbreds forRFLPs”, Maize Genetics Cooperative Newsletter, 65:1991, pg. 90, isincorporated herein by reference.

One use of molecular markers is Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping.QTL mapping is the use of markers, which are known to be closely linkedto alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait.Selection in the breeding process is based upon the accumulation ofmarkers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the eliminationof the markers linked to the negative effecting alleles from the plant'sgenome.

Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for theselection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked toalleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles ofinterest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles ofinterest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also beused to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against thegenome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amountof genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. Itcan also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrentparent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers inthe selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection.

Production of Double Haploids

The production of double haploids can also be used for the developmentof inbreds in the breeding program. For example, an F1 hybrid for whichPHCND is a parent can be used to produce double haploid plants. Doublehaploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1N) froma heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. Forexample, see Wan et al., “Efficient Production of Doubled Haploid PlantsThrough Colchicine Treatment of Anther-Derived Maize Callus”,Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 77:889-892, 1989 and US2003/0005479.This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations ofselfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source.

Thus, an embodiment of this invention is a process for making asubstantially homozygous PHCND progeny plant by producing or obtaining aseed from the cross of PHCND and another maize plant and applying doublehaploid methods to the F1 seed or F1 plant or to any successive filialgeneration. Such methods decrease the number of generations required toproduce an inbred with similar genetics or characteristics to PHCND. SeeBernardo, R. and Kahler, A. L., Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:986-992, 2001.

In particular, a process of making seed retaining the molecular markerprofile of maize inbred line PHCND is contemplated, such processcomprising obtaining or producing F1 hybrid seed for which maize inbredline PHCND is a parent, inducing doubled haploids to create progenywithout the occurrence of meiotic segregation, obtaining the molecularmarker profile of maize inbred line PHCND, and selecting progeny thatretain the molecular marker profile of PHCND.

Use of PHCND in Tissue Culture

This invention is also directed to the use of PHCND in tissue culture.As used herein, the term “tissue culture” includes plant protoplasts,plant cell tissue culture, cultured microspores, plant calli, plantclumps, and the like. As used herein, phrases such as “growing the seed”or “grown from the seed” include embryo rescue, isolation of cells fromseed for use in tissue culture, as well as traditional growing methods.

Duncan, Williams, Zehr, and Widholm, Planta (1985) 165:322-332 reflectsthat 97% of the plants cultured that produced callus were capable ofplant regeneration. Subsequent experiments with both inbreds and hybridsproduced 91% regenerable callus that produced plants. In a further studyin 1988, Songstad, Duncan & Widholm in Plant Cell Reports (1988),7:262-265 reports several media additions that enhance regenerability ofcallus of two inbred lines. Other published reports also indicated that“nontraditional” tissues are capable of producing somatic embryogenesisand plant regeneration. K. P. Rao, et al., Maize Genetics CooperationNewsletter, 60:64-65 (1986), refers to somatic embryogenesis from glumecallus cultures and B. V. Conger, et al., Plant Cell Reports, 6:345-347(1987) indicates somatic embryogenesis from the tissue cultures of maizeleaf segments. Thus, it is clear from the literature that the state ofthe art is such that these methods of obtaining plants are, and were,“conventional” in the sense that they are routinely used and have a veryhigh rate of success.

Tissue culture of maize, including tassel/anther culture, is describedin U.S. 2002/0062506A1 and European Patent Application, publicationEP0160,390, each of which are incorporated herein by reference for thispurpose. Maize tissue culture procedures are also described in Green andRhodes, “Plant Regeneration in Tissue Culture of Maize,” Maize forBiological Research (Plant Molecular Biology Association,Charlottesville, Va. 1982, at 367-372) and in Duncan, et al., “TheProduction of Callus Capable of Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryosof Numerous Zea Mays Genotypes,” 165 Planta 322-332 (1985). Thus,another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growthand differentiation produce maize plants having the genotype and/orphysiological and morphological characteristics of inbred line PHCND.

Progeny Plants

All plants produced by the use of the methods described herein and thatretain the unique genetic or trait combinations of PHCND are within thescope of the invention. Progeny of the breeding methods described hereinmay be characterized in any number of ways, such as by traits retainedin the progeny, pedigree and/or molecular markers. Combinations of thesemethods of characterization may be used.

Breeder's of ordinary skill in the art have developed the concept of an“essentially derived variety”, which is defined in 7 U.S.C. § 2104(a)(3)of the Plant Variety Protection Act and is hereby incorporated byreference. Varieties and plants that are essentially derived from PHCNDare within the scope of the invention.

Pedigree is a method used by breeders of ordinary skill in the art todescribe the varieties. Varieties that are more closely related bypedigree are likely to share common genotypes and combinations ofphenotypic characteristics. All breeders of ordinary skill in the artmaintain pedigree records of their breeding programs. These pedigreerecords contain a detailed description of the breeding process,including a listing of all parental lines used in the breeding processand information on how such line was used. One embodiment of thisinvention is progeny plants and parts thereof with at least one ancestorthat is PHCND, and more specifically, where the pedigree of the progenyincludes 1, 2, 3, 4, and/or 5 or less breeding crosses to a maize plantother than PHCND or a plant that has PHCND as a parent or otherprogenitor. A breeder of ordinary skill in the art would know if PHCNDwere used in the development of a progeny line, and would also know howmany crosses to a line other than PHCND or line with PHCND as a parentor other progenitor were made in the development of any progeny line.

Molecular markers also provide a means by which those of ordinary skillin the art characterize the similarity or differences of two lines.Using the breeding methods described herein, one can develop individualplants, plant cells, and populations of plants that retain at least 25%,30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%,68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%,82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% genetic contribution from inbred line PHCND,as measured by either percent identity or percent similarity. On average50% of the starting germplasm would be expected to be passed to theprogeny line after one cross to another line, 25% after another cross toa different line, and so on. With backcrossing, the expectedcontribution of PHCND after 2, 3, 4 and 5 doses (or 1, 2, 3 and 4backcrosses) would be 75%, 87.5%, 93.75% and 96.875% respectively.Actual genetic contribution may be much higher than the geneticcontribution expected by pedigree, especially if molecular markers areused in selection. Molecular markers could also be used to confirmand/or determine the pedigree of the progeny line.

Traits are also used by those of ordinary skill in the art tocharacterize progeny. Traits are commonly evaluated at a significancelevel, such as a 1%, 5% or 10% significance level, when measured inplants grown in the same environmental conditions. For example, abackcross conversion of PHCND may be characterized as having the samemorphological and physiological traits as PHCND. The traits used forcomparison may be those traits shown in Table 1, Table 3, Table 4 orTable 5.

A breeder will commonly work to combine a specific trait of anundeveloped variety of the species, such as a high level of resistanceto a particular disease, with one or more of the elite agronomiccharacteristics (yield, maturity, plant size, lodging resistance, etc.)needed for use as a commercial variety. This combination, oncedeveloped, provides a valuable source of new germplasm for furtherbreeding. For example, it may take 10-15 years and significant effort toproduce such a combination, yet progeny may be developed that retainthis combination in as little as 2-5 years and with much less effort.

Specific Embodiments

Specific methods and products produced using inbred line PHCND in plantbreeding are discussed in the following sections. The methods outlinedare described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposesof clarity and understanding. However, it will be obvious that certainchanges and modifications may be practiced within the scope of theinvention.

One method for producing a line derived from inbred line PHCND is asfollows. One of ordinary skill in the art would produce or obtain a seedfrom the cross between inbred line PHCND and another variety of maize,such as an elite inbred variety. The F1 seed derived from this crosswould be grown to form a homogeneous population. The F1 seed wouldcontain essentially all of the alleles from variety PHCND andessentially all of the alleles from the other maize variety. The F1nuclear genome would be made-up of 50% variety PHCND and 50% of theother elite variety. The F1 seed would be grown and allowed to self,thereby forming F2 seed. On average the F2 seed would have derived 50%of its alleles from variety PHCND and 50% from the other maize variety,but many individual plants from the population would have a greaterpercentage of their alleles derived from PHCND (Wang J. and R. Bernardo,2000, Crop Sci. 40:659-665 and Bernardo, R. and A. L. Kahler, 2001,Theor. Appl. Genet 102:986-992). The molecular markers of PHCND could beused to select and retain those lines with high similarity to PHCND. TheF2 seed would be grown and selection of plants would be made based onvisual observation, markers and/or measurement of traits. The traitsused for selection may be any PHCND trait described in thisspecification, including the inbred per se maize PHCND traits describedherein under the detailed description of inbred PHCND. Such traits mayalso be the good general or specific combining ability of PHCND,including its ability to produce hybrids with the approximate maturityand/or hybrid combination traits described herein under the detaileddescription of inbred PHCND. The PHCND progeny plants that exhibit oneor more of the desired PHCND traits, such as those listed herein, wouldbe selected and each plant would be harvested separately. This F3 seedfrom each plant would be grown in individual rows and allowed to self.Then selected rows or plants from the rows would be harvestedindividually. The selections would again be based on visual observation,markers and/or measurements for desirable traits of the plants, such asone or more of the desirable PHCND traits listed herein. The process ofgrowing and selection would be repeated any number of times until aPHCND progeny inbred plant is obtained. The PHCND progeny inbred plantwould contain desirable traits derived from inbred plant PHCND, some ofwhich may not have been expressed by the other maize variety to whichinbred line PHCND was crossed and some of which may have been expressedby both maize varieties but now would be at a level equal to or greaterthan the level expressed in inbred variety PHCND. However, in each casethe resulting progeny line would benefit from the efforts of theinventor(s), and would not have existed but for the inventor(s) work increating PHCND. The PHCND progeny inbred plants would have, on average,50% of their nuclear genes derived from inbred line PHCND, but manyindividual plants from the population would have a greater percentage oftheir alleles derived from PHCND. This breeding cycle, of crossing andselfing, and optional selection, may be repeated to produce anotherpopulation of PHCND progeny maize plants with, on average, 25% of theirnuclear genes derived from inbred line PHCND, but, again, manyindividual plants from the population would have a greater percentage oftheir alleles derived from PHCND. This process can be repeated for athird, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh or more breeding cycles. Anotherembodiment of the invention is a PHCND progeny plant that has receivedthe desirable PHCND traits listed herein through the use of PHCND, whichtraits were not exhibited by other plants used in the breeding process.

Therefore, an embodiment of this invention is a PHCND progeny maizeplant, wherein at least one ancestor of said PHCND progeny maize plantis the maize plant or plant part of PHCND, and wherein the pedigree ofsaid PHCND progeny maize plant is within two breeding crosses of PHCNDor a plant that has PHCND as a parent. The progeny plants, parts andplant cells produced from PHCND may be further characterized as having apercent marker similarity or identity with PHCND as described herein.

The previous example can be modified in numerous ways, for instanceselection may or may not occur at every selfing generation, selectionmay occur before or after the actual self-pollination process occurs, orindividual selections may be made by harvesting individual ears, plants,rows or plots at any point during the breeding process described. Doublehaploid breeding methods may be used at any step in the process. Insteadof selfing out of the hybrid produced from the inbred, one could firstcross the hybrid to either a parent line or a different inbred, and thenself out of that cross.

The population of plants produced at each and any cycle of breeding isalso an embodiment of the invention, and on average each such populationwould predictably consist of plants containing approximately 50% of itsgenes from inbred line PHCND in the first breeding cycle, 25% of itsgenes from inbred line PHCND in the second breeding cycle, 12.5% of itsgenes from inbred line PHCND in the third breeding cycle, 6.25% in thefourth breeding cycle, 3.125% in the fifth breeding cycle, and so on.However, in each case the use of PHCND provides a substantial benefit.The linkage groups of PHCND would be retained in the progeny lines, andsince current estimates of the maize genome size is about 50,000-80,000genes (Xiaowu, Gai et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2000, Vol. 28, No. 1,94-96), in addition to non-coding DNA that impacts gene expression, itprovides a significant advantage to use PHCND as starting material toproduce a line that retains desired genetics or traits of PHCND.

Therefore, an embodiment of the invention is a process for making apopulation of PHCND progeny inbred maize plants comprising obtaining orproducing a first generation progeny maize seed comprising the plant ofPHCND as a parent, growing said first generation progeny maize seed toproduce first generation maize plants and obtaining self or sibpollinated seed from said first generation maize plants, and growing theself or sib pollinated seed to obtain a population of PHCND progenyinbred maize plants.

The population of PHCND progeny inbred maize plants produced by thismethod are also embodiments of the invention, and such population as awhole will retain the expected genetic contribution of PHCND. An inbredline selected from the population of PHCND progeny inbred maize plantsproduced by this method is an embodiment, and such line may be furthercharacterized by its molecular marker identity or similarity to PHCND.

In this manner, the invention also encompasses a process for making aPHCND inbred progeny maize plant comprising the steps of obtaining orproducing a first generation progeny maize seed wherein a parent of saidfirst generation progeny maize seed is a PHCND plant, growing said firstgeneration progeny maize seed to produce a first generation maize plantand obtaining self or sib pollinated seed from said first generationmaize plant, and producing successive filial generations to obtain aPHCND inbred progeny maize plant. Also an embodiment of this inventionis the first breeding cycle inbred PHCND maize plant produced by thismethod.

Crosses to Other Species

The utility of inbred maize line PHCND also extends to crosses withother species. Commonly, suitable species will be of the familyGraminaceae, and especially of the genera Zea, Tripsacum, Coix,Schlerachne, Polytoca, Chionachne, and Trilobachne, of the tribeMaydeae. Potentially suitable for crosses with PHCND may be the variousvarieties of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

Maize is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material inindustry. The food uses of maize, in addition to human consumption ofmaize kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries.The principal products of maize dry milling are grits, meal and flour.The maize wet-milling industry can provide maize starch, maize syrups,and dextrose for food use. Maize oil is recovered from maize germ, whichis a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries.

Maize, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is alsoused extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairycattle, hogs, and poultry.

Industrial uses of maize include production of ethanol, maize starch inthe wet-milling industry and maize flour in the dry-milling industry.The industrial applications of maize starch and flour are based onfunctional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesiveproperties, and ability to suspend particles. The maize starch and flourhave application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrialuses include applications in adhesives, building materials, foundrybinders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other miningapplications.

Plant parts other than the grain of maize are also used in industry: forexample, stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs areused for fuel and to make charcoal.

The seed of inbred maize line PHCND, the plant produced from the inbredseed, the hybrid maize plant produced from the crossing of the inbred,hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid maize plant and transgenicversions of the foregoing, can be utilized for human food, livestockfeed, and as a raw material in industry.

REFERENCES

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DEPOSITS

Applicant(s) have made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of Inbred MaizeLine PHCND with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas,Va. 20110 USA, ATCC Deposit No. PTA-7053. The seeds deposited with theATCC on Sep. 22, 2005 were taken from the deposit maintained by PioneerHi-Bred International, Inc., 7250 NW 62^(nd) Avenue, Johnston, Iowa,50131 since prior to the filing date of this application. Access to thisdeposit will be available during the pendency of the application to theCommissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by theCommissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. Upon allowance of anyclaims in the application, the Applicant will make the deposit availableto the public pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §1.808. This deposit of the InbredMaize Line PHCND will be maintained in the ATCC depository, which is apublic depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the mostrecent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever islonger, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period.Additionally, Applicant has or will satisfy all of the requirements of37 C.F.R. §§1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of theviability of the sample upon deposit. Applicant has no authority towaive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biologicalmaterial or its transportation in commerce. Applicant does not waive anyinfringement of rights granted under this patent or under the PlantVariety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.). U.S. Plant VarietyProtection of Inbred Maize Line PHCND has been applied for under PVPapplication number 200500230.

TABLE 1 VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION PHCND AVG STDEV N 1. TYPE:(Describe intermediate types in comments section) 1 = Sweet, 2 = Dent, 3= Flint, 4 = Flour, 5 = Pop and 3 6 = Ornamental. Comments: Flint-Dent2. MATURITY: DAYS HEAT UNITS Days H. Units Emergence to 50% of plants insilk 62 1,297 Emergence to 50% of plants in pollen shed 63 1,344 10% to90% pollen shed 2 43 50% Silk to harvest at 25% moisture 3. PLANT: PlantHeight (to tassel tip) (cm) 208.4 24.52 30 Ear Height (to base of topear node) (cm) 80.0 13.83 30 Length of Top Ear Internode (cm) 14.8 1.1030 Average Number of Tillers per Plant 0.0 0.00 6 Average Number of Earsper Stalk 1.3 0.07 6 Anthocyanin of Brace Roots: 1 = Absent, 2 = Faint,1 3 = Moderate, 4 = Dark 4. LEAF: Width of Ear Node Leaf (cm) 9.5 1.2030 Length of Ear Node Leaf (cm) 80.5 4.31 30 Number of Leaves above TopEar 5.5 0.63 30 Leaf Angle: (at anthesis, 2nd leaf above ear to 24.35.45 30 stalk above leaf) (Degrees) *Leaf Color: V. Dark Green Munsell:7.5GY36 Leaf Sheath Pubescence: 1 = none to 9 = like peach fuzz 2 5.TASSEL: Number of Primary Lateral Branches 7.0 1.99 30 Branch Angle fromCentral Spike 10.4 4.48 30 Tassel Length: (from peduncle node to tasseltip), (cm). 56.3 4.06 30 Pollen Shed: 0 = male sterile, 9 = heavy shed 6*Anther Color: Light Red Munsell: 2.5R58 *Glume Color: Med. GreenMunsell: 5GY56 *Bar Glumes (glume bands): 1 = absent, 2 = present 1Peduncle Length: (from top leaf node to lower florets or 22.8 2.65 30branches), (cm). 6a. EAR (Unhusked ear) *Silk color: Light Red Munsell:7.5RP48 (3 days after silk emergence) *Fresh husk color: Med. GreenMunsell: 5GY68 *Dry husk color: Buff Munsell: 2.5Y8.54 (65 days after50% silking) Ear position at dry husk stage: 1 = upright, 2 =horizontal, 2 3 = pendant Husk Tightness: (1 = very loose, 9 = verytight) 7 Husk Extension (at harvest): 1 = short(ears exposed), 2 2 =medium (<8 cm), 3 = long (8-10 cm), 4 = v. long (>10 cm) 6b. EAR (Huskedear data) Ear Length (cm): 15.6 0.86 30 Ear Diameter at mid-point (mm)42.2 1.86 30 Ear Weight (gm): 132.1 20.05 30 Number of Kernel Rows: 16.21.61 30 Kernel Rows: 1 = indistinct, 2 = distinct 2 Row Alignment: 1 =straight, 2 = slightly curved, 3 = spiral 2 Shank Length (cm): 10.2 1.5830 Ear Taper: 1 = slight cylind., 2 = average, 3 = extreme 2 7. KERNEL(Dried): Kernel Length (mm): 10.9 0.63 30 Kernel Width (mm): 7.9 0.92 30Kernel Thickness (mm): 5.1 0.40 30 Round Kernels (shape grade) (%) 74.75.36 6 Aleurone Color Pattern: 1 = homozygous, 2 = segregating 1*Aleurone Color: Yellow Munsell: 10YR814 *Hard Endo. Color: YellowMunsell: 10YR714 Endosperm Type: 3 1 = sweet (su1), 2 = extra sweet(sh2), 3 = normal starch, 4 = high amylose starch, 5 = waxy starch, 6 =high protein, 7 = high lysine, 8 = super sweet (se), 9 = high oil, 10 =other Weight per 100 Kernels (unsized sample) (gm): 31.7 4.59 6 8. COB:*Cob Diameter at mid-point (mm): 25.3 1.65 30 *Cob Color: Pink Munsell:10R56 10. DISEASE RESISTANCE: (Rate from 1 = most-susceptable to 9 =most-resistant. Leave blank if not tested, leave race or strain optionsblank if polygenic.) A. LEAF BLIGHTS, WILTS, AND LOCAL INFECTIONDISEASES Anthracnose Leaf Blight (Colletotrichum graminicola) 8 CommonRust (Puccinia sorghi) Common Smut (Ustilago maydis) Eyespot (Kabatiellazeae) Gross's Wilt (Clavibacter michiganense spp. nebraskense) 5 GrayLeaf Spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis) Helminthosporium Leaf Spot (Bipolariszeicola) Race: 4 Northern Leaf Blight (Exserohilum turcicum) Race:Southern Leaf Blight (Bipolaris maydis) Race: Southern Rust (Pucciniapolysora) 5 Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii) Other (Specify):           B. SYSTEMIC DISEASES Corn Lethal Necrosis (MCMV and MDMV)Head Smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana) Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus (MDV)Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV) Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV)Sorghum Downy Mildew of Corn (Peronosclerospora sorghi) Other (Specify):           C. STALK ROTS 7 Anthracnose Stalk Rot (Colletotrichumgraminicola) Diplodia Stalk Rot (Stenocarpella maydis) Fusarium StalkRot (Fusarium moniliforme) Gibberella Stalk Rot (Gibberella zeae) Other(Specify):            D. EAR AND KERNEL ROTS Aspergillus Ear and KernelRot (Aspergillus flavus) 6 Diplodia Ear Rot (Stenocarpella maydis) 6Fusarium Ear and Kernel Rot (Fusarium moniliforme) 8 Gibberella Ear Rot(Gibberella zeae) Other (Specify):            11. INSECT RESISTANCE:(Rate from 1 = most-suscept. to 9 = most-resist., leave blank if nottested.) Corn Worm (Helicoverpa zea)     Leaf Feeding     Silk Feeding    Ear Damage Corn Leaf Aphid (Rophalosiphum maydis) Corn Sap Beetle(Capophilus dimidiatus) European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) 1st.Generation (Typically whorl leaf feeding) 2nd. Generation (Typicallyleaf sheath-collar feeding)     Leaf Feeding     Silk Feeding     EarDamage Fall armyworm (Spodoptera fruqiperda)     Leaf Feeding     SilkFeeding     mg larval wt. Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamaize) NorthernRootworm (Diabrotica barberi) Southern Rootworm (Diabroticaundecimpunctata) Southwestern Corn Borer (Diatreaea grandiosella)    Leaf Feeding     Stalk Tunneling     cm tunneled/plant Two-spottedSpider Mite (Tetranychus utricae) Western Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifreavirgifrea) Other (Specify):            12. AGRONOMIC TRAITS: 5 Staygreen(at 65 days after anthesis; rate from 1-worst to 9-excellent) % DroppedEars (at 65 days after anthesis) % Pre-anthesis Brittle Snapping 0 %Pre-anthesis Root Lodging 3 % Post-anthesis Root Lodging (at 65 daysafter anthesis) % Post-anthesis Stalk Lodging 8,089.0 Kg/ha (Yield at12-13% grain moisture) *Munsell Glossy Book of Color, (A standard colorreference). Kollmorgen Inst. Corp. New Windsor, NY.

TABLE 2 SSR PROFILE OF PHCND Bin # Marker Name Base Pairs 1 UMC1354 3821.01 BNLG1014 124.1 1.01 TUB1 255.2 1.01 UMC2012 75.8 1.01 UMC2224 354.91.01 UMC2225 313.5 1.02 BNLG1127 96.4 1.02 BNLG1953 206.1 1.02 UMC1711246.4 1.02 UMC2204 137.2 1.02 UMC2383 209.3 1.03 BNLG439 231.9 1.03PHI109275 131.9 1.03 UMC1701 117.7 1.04 BNLG1016 253.5 1.04 BNLG2086 2251.04 UMC1144 230.5 1.04 UMC1472 216.1 1.05 UMC1244 343.9 1.05 UMC1626143.8 1.05 UMC1703 144.5 1.05 UMC1906 159 1.05 UMC2025 131.4 1.05UMC2232 133.1 1.06 BNLG1057 270.2 1.06 UMC1035 233.4 1.06 UMC1254 160.31.06 UMC1398 162.4 1.06 UMC1709 350.7 1.06 UMC1919 157.3 1.06 UMC1924161.2 1.06 UMC2234 150.6 1.06 UMC2237 155.5 1.07 BNLG1556 207.6 1.07UMC2387 101.4 1.08 BNLG2228 269.6 1.08 UMC1991 224.1 1.08 UMC2029 1571.08 UMC2181 100.1 1.08 UMC2240 239.8 1.08 UMC2385 265.4 1.09 BNLG1331121 1.09 GLB1 226.6 1.09 UMC1715 137.6 1.09 UMC2028 116.5 1.09 UMC2047133.5 1.1 PHI308707 131.4 1.1 UMC1885 145.9 1.1 UMC2189 112.3 1.11PHI265454 217.6 1.11 UMC1500 249.4 1.11 UMC1630 171 1.11 UMC1681 138.41.11 UMC2241 333.2 1.11 UMC2242 345 1.12 UMC1797 109 2.01 PHI96100 279.92.01 UMC2245 152 2.01 UMC2363 339.2 2.02 BNLG1017 195.3 2.02 BNLG1327272.8 2.02 UMC1265 293.9 2.03 BNLG1064 188 2.03 UMC1845 142.9 2.03UMC2246 142.3 2.04 PRP2 129.1 2.04 UMC1326 139.7 2.04 UMC2030 168.6 2.04UMC2032 158.9 2.04 UMC2247 253.4 2.05 UMC1459 107.3 2.05 UMC1635 140.12.05 UMC2252 135.6 2.05 UMC2254 99.8 2.06 BNLG1036 193.1 2.06 BNLG1831192.4 2.06 UMC1156 234.8 2.06 UMC1658 147 2.06 UMC1749 206.5 2.06UMC1946 78.6 2.06 UMC2023 144.1 2.06 UMC2178 312.4 2.06 UMC2192 335.92.06 UMC2194 336.4 2.07 PHI251315 124.2 2.07 UMC1560 136.6 2.07 UMC1637109.1 2.07 UMC2374 239.1 2.08 BNLG1141 152.7 2.08 PHI435417 214 2.08UMC1049 127.7 2.08 UMC1126 133.4 2.08 UMC1230 313.2 2.08 UMC1745 2182.08 UMC1947 127 2.08 UMC2005 105.5 2.08 UMC2202 338.4 2.09 UMC1525211.4 2.09 UMC1551 252.7 2.1 PHI101049 234.1 2.1 UMC2214 287.7 3PHI453121 217.7 3.01 UMC2049 159.5 3.01 UMC2255 224.7 3.01 UMC2256 1723.01 UMC2376 151.6 3.01 UMC2377 97.7 3.02 BNLG1647 131.2 3.02 UMC1814360.8 3.02 UMC1886 150.7 3.02 UMC2258 141.1 3.04 BNLG1019A 155 3.04BNLG1638 142.2 3.04 TPI4 150.7 3.04 UMC1025 155.8 3.04 UMC1347 228.53.04 UMC1655 158.9 3.04 UMC1908 134 3.04 UMC2002 97.1 3.04 UMC2033 89.83.04 UMC2261 141.8 3.04 UMC2262 136.5 3.04 UMC2263 404.4 3.04 UMC2264219.3 3.05 BNLG1035 101 3.05 GST4 185.5 3.05 UMC1300 164.8 3.05 UMC1307134.4 3.05 UMC1907 117.6 3.05 UMC1954 344.3 3.05 UMC2265 217.6 3.06BNLG1951 127 3.06 BNLG2241 142.4 3.06 PHI102228 135.7 3.06 UMC1311 210.33.06 UMC1644 158.2 3.06 UMC1674 126.7 3.06 UMC1876 163.7 3.06 UMC2270142 3.07 UMC1286 227.8 3.07 UMC1659 122.1 3.07 UMC1825 164 3.08 UMC1844128 3.08 UMC1915 94.7 3.08 UMC2276 135.3 3.09 UMC1641 228.4 3.09 UMC1813162.1 3.1 UMC2048 319.9 4 MTL1 148.8 4.03 ADH2 117.7 4.04 ZP1 235.1 4.05BNLG1217 224.1 4.05 BNLG1265 198.4 4.05 BNLG1755 216.8 4.05 UMC1346 93.84.05 UMC1662 112 4.05 UMC1702 95.4 4.05 UMC1964 149.6 4.05 UMC1969 65.14.05 UMC2054 151.2 4.05 UMC2061 125.2 4.06 BNLG2291 160.9 4.06 BNLG252165.9 4.06 UMC1869 154.5 4.06 UMC1945 113.4 4.06 UMC2027 120.4 4.07UMC1620 144.1 4.07 UMC2038 122.3 4.08 BNLG2162 153.3 4.08 PDH1 111 4.08SSU1 279.7 4.08 UMC1371 161.1 4.08 UMC1418 153.1 4.08 UMC1559 144.5 4.08UMC1612 108.6 4.08 UMC1667 147 4.08 UMC1834 161.6 4.08 UMC1856 189.94.08 UMC1899 111.6 4.08 UMC2187 87.1 4.08 UMC2188 161.9 4.09 BNLG1565204.7 4.09 RPD3 159.9 4.09 UMC1284 144.3 4.09 UMC1328 161.4 4.09 UMC1643145.1 4.09 UMC1650 139.6 4.09 UMC1820 139 4.09 UMC1940 134.5 4.09UMC1999 131.4 4.09 UMC2046 143.8 4.1 BNLG589 166.3 5 UMC1240 213.4 5UMC2022 153.4 5 UMC2292 137.7 5.01 UMC2036 158.5 5.03 BNLG1046 237.75.03 PHI109188 161.3 5.03 UMC1315 159.1 5.03 UMC1355 358 5.03 UMC168696.8 5.03 UMC1692 157.5 5.03 UMC1731 362 5.03 UMC1784 332.1 5.03 UMC1830182.4 5.03 UMC1850 125.1 5.03 UMC2035 102.3 5.03 UMC2294 103.4 5.03UMC2295 121.2 5.04 UMC1162 130.7 5.04 UMC1629 117.4 5.04 UMC1815 2655.04 UMC1860 155 5.04 UMC1990 138.4 5.04 UMC2298 91.5 5.04 UMC2299 116.45.04 UMC2302 345.2 5.04 UMC2400 211.5 5.05 UMC1687 152.3 5.05 UMC1853109.7 5.05 UMC2026 100.9 5.06 GLN4 233.2 5.06 UMC1941 113.3 5.06 UMC2305164.4 5.06 UMC2306 103.6 5.07 BNLG1118 80.5 5.07 UMC1537 323.3 5.07UMC2013 125.5 5.07 UMC2198 140.6 5.08 BNLG1597C 214.6 5.09 UMC2209 168.76 FDX2 121.6 6 GPC2 346.6 6 UMC1753 200.6 6 UMC1883 84.2 6.01 CYC3 2696.01 UMC1195 135.6 6.01 UMC1625 137.2 6.02 SAUR1 113.6 6.02 UMC1656133.6 6.03 UMC1887 99.6 6.04 UMC1857 150.8 6.04 UMC1918 167.6 6.04UMC2006 111.3 6.05 PMG1 134.4 6.05 ROA2 351.5 6.05 UMC1314 346.6 6.05UMC1352 148.8 6.05 UMC1413 298.1 6.05 UMC1751 225.8 6.05 UMC1795 1286.05 UMC1805 126.7 6.06 UMC1912 162.7 6.07 BNLG1740 236.6 6.07 BNLG1759A136.3 6.07 PHI299852 119.8 6.07 UMC1350 123.2 6.07 UMC1653 251.9 6.08UMC2059 127.2 7 BNLG2132 200.5 7 UMC1378 126.2 7 UMC1642 149.9 7.01 O2416.8 7.01 UMC1159 234 7.01 UMC1632 150.4 7.02 BNLG1094 145.1 7.02 CYP6138 7.02 KPP1 323.4 7.02 UMC1339 127.5 7.02 UMC1929 160.5 7.02 UMC1978115.3 7.03 BNLG155 221.5 7.03 BNLG2271 233.7 7.03 UMC1324 211.9 7.03UMC1660 204.7 7.03 UMC1713 139.8 7.03 UMC1888 145.9 7.04 PHI328175 122.77.04 RIP2 321.5 7.04 UMC1708 332.7 7.04 UMC1710 235.5 7.05 PHI069 201.47.06 PHI116 169 8.01 UMC2042 107.8 8.02 UMC1790 155.8 8.02 UMC1913 162.28.02 UMC1974 485.8 8.02 UMC2004 126.2 8.03 BNLG1863 244.4 8.03 PHI12197.9 8.03 UMC1289 221.8 8.03 UMC1377 216 8.03 UMC1487 339.1 8.03 UMC173595.5 8.03 UMC1904 155.4 8.04 UMC1343 323.2 8.04 UMC1858 128 8.05BNLG1176 218.2 8.05 UMC1141 306.8 8.05 UMC1316 232.9 8.05 UMC1864 170.88.05 UMC1889 113.7 8.06 BNLG1031 288.1 8.06 UMC1149 216.6 8.06 UMC1161257.5 8.07 BNLG1065 215.8 8.07 BNLG1828 185.7 8.08 UMC1933 113.8 8.08UMC2052 146.5 8.09 PHI233376 135.6 8.09 UMC1638 147.7 8.09 UMC1663 178.89.01 BNLG1810 211 9.01 UMC1040 233.1 9.01 UMC1370 322.1 9.01 UMC1809230.4 9.02 UMC1131 362.2 9.02 UMC1170 229.9 9.02 UMC1636 195.4 9.02UMC1698 116.8 9.02 UMC2213 106.8 9.03 BNLG127 224.2 9.03 UMC1634 113.89.03 UMC1688 288.3 9.03 UMC1691 147.4 9.03 UMC2337 124 9.04 BNLG1012157.4 9.04 BNLG1159B 148 9.04 SUS1 236.7 9.04 UMC1519 252.5 9.04 UMC2398126.3 9.05 MMP179 161.7 9.05 UMC1357 257.1 9.05 UMC1657 159.5 9.05UMC1794 115.1 9.05 UMC2338 110.8 9.05 UMC2341 122.3 9.05 UMC2343 1059.06 UMC2207 115.5 9.06 UMC2346 300.4 9.06 UMC2358 135.3 9.07 BNLG1375118.1 9.07 BNLG619 273 9.07 DUPSSR29 134.7 9.07 UMC1104 210.9 9.07UMC1714 161.7 9.07 UMC1942 134.7 9.07 UMC2347 140.3 9.08 BNLG1129 298.710 PHI041 202.7 10.01 UMC2018 157.6 10.01 UMC2053 103.7 10.02 PHI059153.1 10.02 UMC1337 311.8 10.02 UMC1432 119.3 10.02 UMC1582 275.6 10.02UMC2034 132.8 10.02 UMC2069 375.3 10.03 BNLG1037 117.8 10.03 BNLG1079170.5 10.03 UMC1312 316 10.03 UMC1336 310.2 10.03 UMC1345 166.6 10.03UMC1381 210.4 10.03 UMC1863 161.7 10.03 UMC1938 160.5 10.03 UMC1962126.3 10.03 UMC2016 129.2 10.03 UMC2067 165.3 10.04 MGS1 161.2 10.04UMC1589 114.3 10.04 UMC1648 141.7 10.04 UMC1697 96.7 10.04 UMC1930 106.710.04 UMC2003 89.2 10.05 BNLG1074 161.8 10.06 UMC1993 127.3 10.07BNLG1450 241.2 10.07 BNLG1839 206.1 10.07 UMC1038 287.2 10.07 UMC1556254.5 10.07 UMC1640 103.8 10.07 UMC1645 163.8 10.07 UMC2021 135.2

TABLE 3A PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT Variety #1: PHCND Variety #2:PH2V7 EGRWTH ESTCNT TILLER GDUSHD GDUSLK SCORE COUNT PCT GDU GDU POLWTStat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS VALUE ABS Mean1 6.0 28.5 0.0 137.6 134.4 119.9Mean2 4.0 29.3 0.4 130.1 136.4 139.9 Locs 2 4 4 14 14 7 Reps 2 4 4 14 1413 Diff 2.0 −0.8 0.4 7.4 −2.1 −19.9 Prob 1.000 0.058 0.391 0.001 0.1820.462 POLWT TASSZ VALUE SCORE PLTHT EARHT STAGRN BARPLT Stat % MN ABS CMABS CM ABS SCORE ABS % NOT ABS Mean1 104.4 5.2 201.5 96.9 6.0 99.4 Mean2119.2 6.2 234.8 97.8 5.0 99.3 Locs 7 10 9 6 1 7 Reps 13 10 9 6 1 7 Diff−14.8 −1.0 −33.3 −0.9 1.0 0.1 Prob 0.485 0.042 0.003 0.854 . 0.909GLFSPT NLFBLT STWWLT ANTROT FUSERS SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE DIPERSStat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS SCORE ABS Mean1 5.8 5.2 5.0 8.5 6.5 6.0 Mean25.0 5.2 5.0 5.5 5.3 7.0 Locs 2 3 1 1 2 1 Reps 4 5 1 2 4 2 Diff 0.8 0.00.0 3.0 1.3 −1.0 Prob 0.205 1.000 . . 0.126 . COMRST HD SMT LRTLPN StatSCORE ABS % NOT ABS % NOT ABS Mean1 7.0 94.7 90.0 Mean2 7.0 91.8 70.0Locs 2 2 1 Reps 2 4 2 Diff 0.0 3.0 20.0 Prob 1.000 0.427 .

TABLE 3B PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT Variety #1: PHCND Variety #2:PH3KP YIELD YIELD ESTCNT BU/A 56# BU/A 56# MST TSTWT EGRWTH COUNT StatABS % MN PCT ABS LB/BU ABS SCORE ABS ABS Mean1 129.7 127.0 24.4 55.7 6.537.8 Mean2 106.7 105.0 24.8 55.2 6.3 35.2 Locs 26 26 26 5 19 33 Reps 4141 41 7 22 37 Diff 23.0 22.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 2.6 Prob 0.000 0.000 0.3300.695 0.207 0.049 TILLER GDUSHD GDUSLK POLWT POLWT PCT GDU GDU VALUEVALUE TASBLS Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS % MN SCORE ABS Mean1 0.8 139.1 137.0112.7 91.9 9.0 Mean2 0.9 133.2 134.0 136.5 107.9 9.0 Locs 31 96 97 22 222 Reps 32 99 101 41 41 2 Diff 0.1 5.9 3.0 −23.8 −16.0 0.0 Prob 0.8220.000 0.000 0.077 0.114 1.000 TASSZ STAGRN STKLDG SCORE PLTHT EARHTSCORE % NOT BRTSTK Stat ABS CM ABS CM ABS ABS ABS % NOT ABS Mean1 5.4195.0 85.8 5.5 100.0 100.0 Mean2 5.8 176.3 78.8 4.8 100.0 100.0 Locs 7567 29 13 1 1 Reps 78 70 32 13 1 2 Diff −0.4 18.7 7.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 Prob0.001 0.000 0.001 0.065 . . SCTGRN TEXEAR BARPLT GLFSPT NLFBLT SCORESCORE % NOT SCORE SCORE STWWLT Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS SCORE ABS Mean18.0 9.0 99.2 5.0 5.4 5.0 Mean2 8.8 6.5 99.3 4.9 5.6 4.3 Locs 8 2 44 12 43 Reps 8 2 44 15 7 3 Diff −0.8 2.5 0.0 0.1 −0.3 0.7 Prob 0.020 0.1260.881 0.612 0.495 0.184 ANTROT FUSERS GIBERS DIPERS COMRST SCORE SCORESCORE SCORE SCORE ECBDPE Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS % NOT ABS Mean1 8.57.0 8.5 6.3 7.5 99.2 Mean2 8.0 6.3 6.0 5.3 7.3 100.0 Locs 1 6 1 2 4 1Reps 2 9 1 4 4 2 Diff 0.5 0.7 2.5 1.0 0.3 −0.8 Prob . 0.235 . 0.2950.638 . HD ECB2SC CLDTST CLDTST KSZDCD SMT ERTLPN LRTLPN SCORE PCT PCTPCT % NOT % NOT % NOT Stat ABS ABS % MN ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 9.0 92.099.6 3.9 94.0 100.0 96.7 Mean2 9.0 96.1 104.0 3.9 98.5 100.0 100.0 Locs1 14 14 14 3 7 3 Reps 1 14 14 14 6 7 4 Diff 0.0 −4.1 −4.5 0.0 −4.5 0.0−3.3 Prob . 0.003 0.003 0.968 0.124 1.000 0.423

TABLE 3C PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT Variety #1: PHCND Variety #2:PH2T6 YIELD YIELD EGRWTH BU/A 56# BU/A 56# MST TSTWT SCORE ESTCNT StatABS % MN PCT ABS LB/BU ABS ABS COUNT ABS Mean1 127.0 124.6 24.4 58.1 6.952.0 Mean2 140.1 137.6 23.0 56.3 6.4 50.3 Locs 12 12 12 2 7 8 Reps 24 2424 4 7 9 Diff −13.1 −13.0 −1.4 1.8 0.4 1.7 Prob 0.094 0.118 0.131 0.5000.078 0.154 GDUSHD GDUSLK TILLER GDU GDU TASSZ PLTHT EARHT Stat PCT ABSABS ABS SCORE ABS CM ABS CM ABS Mean1 0.0 138.2 134.9 4.6 197.2 87.7Mean2 0.6 133.7 133.4 4.8 214.3 81.7 Locs 5 10 11 5 6 6 Reps 5 10 12 5 66 Diff 0.6 4.5 1.5 −0.2 −17.2 6.0 Prob 0.183 0.009 0.168 0.704 0.0070.129 BRTSTK SCTGRN BARPLT GLFSPT NLFBLT % NOT SCORE % NOT SCORE SCOREFUSERS Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS SCORE ABS Mean1 100.0 8.0 100.0 4.5 6.07.3 Mean2 100.0 8.5 99.3 5.0 3.5 6.7 Locs 1 2 4 1 1 3 Reps 2 2 4 2 2 4Diff 0.0 −0.5 0.7 −0.5 2.5 0.7 Prob . 0.500 0.391 . . 0.184 GIBERSDIPERS COMRST ECBDPE CLDTST SCORE SCORE SCORE % NOT PCT CLDTST Stat ABSABS ABS ABS ABS PCT % MN Mean1 8.5 6.5 9.0 99.2 94.4 100.7 Mean2 8.5 7.08.0 98.5 95.0 101.3 Locs 1 1 1 1 9 9 Reps 2 2 1 2 9 9 Diff 0.0 −0.5 1.00.8 −0.6 −0.6 Prob . . . . 0.604 0.592 KSZDCD HD PCT SMT Stat ABS % NOTABS Mean1 3.5 92.4 Mean2 4.1 95.5 Locs 9 1 Reps 9 2 Diff −0.5 −3.1 Prob0.231 .

TABLE 4 GENERAL COMBINING ABILITY REPORT FOR PHCND PRM Day ABS Mean 111PRM Day ABS Reps 7158 PRMSHD Day ABS Mean 108 PRMSHD Day ABS Reps 3903YIELD bu/a 56# ABS Mean 204.6 YIELD bu/a 56# ABS Reps 3760 YIELD bu/a56# ABS Years 3 YIELD bu/a 56# % MN Mean 102.8 YIELD bu/a 56# % MN Reps3760 MST pct ABS Mean 22.2 MST pct ABS Reps 3768 MST pct % MN Mean 104.6MST pct % MN Reps 3768 STLPCN % NOT % MN Mean 104 STLPCN % NOT % MN Reps596 STLLPN % NOT % MN Mean 104 STLLPN % NOT % MN Reps 801 ERTLPN % NOT %MN Mean 95 ERTLPN % NOT % MN Reps 221 LRTLPN % NOT % MN Mean 93 LRTLPN %NOT % MN Reps 608 TSTWT lb/bu % MN Mean 100.1 TSTWT lb/bu % MN Reps 2256STKCNT count % MN Mean 100 STKCNT count % MN Reps 6411 PLTHT in % MNMean 99 PLTHT in % MN Reps 1247 EARHT in % MN Mean 101 EARHT in % MNReps 1114 BRTSTK % NOT % MN Mean 102 BRTSTK % NOT % MN Reps 512 GLFSPTscore ABS Mean 5 GLFSPT score ABS Reps 191 STAGRN score ABS Mean 5STAGRN score ABS Reps 1093 HSKCVR score ABS Mean 5 HSKCVR score ABS Reps110 HDSMT % NOT ABS Mean 85 HDSMT % NOT ABS Reps 184

TABLE 5A INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT Variety #1: HYBRIDCONTAINING PHCND Variety #2: 34M94 YIELD YIELD GDUSHD GDUSLK BU/A 56#BU/A 56# MST EGRWTH GDU GDU Stat ABS % MN PCT % MN SCORE % MN % MN % MNMean1 201.3 105.8 105.6 99.0 98.6 98.4 Mean2 190.4 100.0 98.4 91.5 101.099.7 Locs 143 143 143 26 33 26 Reps 163 163 163 29 44 36 Diff 10.9 5.9−7.2 7.6 −2.4 −1.3 Prob 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.075 0.000 0.005 STKCNTSTKLDG DRPEAR COUNT PLTHT EARHT STAGRN % NOT % NOT Stat % MN CM % MN CM% MN SCORE % MN % MN % MN Mean1 100.3 97.1 97.2 96.2 36.1 100.8 Mean299.6 99.9 96.8 94.2 125.0 100.8 Locs 244 44 39 44 1 1 Reps 343 54 42 472 1 Diff 0.6 −2.9 0.4 2.0 −88.9 0.0 Prob 0.240 0.000 0.779 0.748 . .TSTWT GLFSPT NLFBLT SLFBLT GOSWLT LB/BU SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE ANTROTStat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS SCORE ABS Mean1 55.8 3.6 3.6 4.3 7.3 4.1 Mean256.2 6.1 3.3 5.5 6.8 4.5 Locs 94 7 9 2 2 4 Reps 105 12 14 4 4 8 Diff−0.4 −2.5 0.3 −1.3 0.5 −0.4 Prob 0.064 0.001 0.282 0.126 0.500 0.215 CLNFUSERS GIBERS DIPERS ECBDPE SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE % NOT ECB2SC StatABS ABS ABS ABS ABS SCORE ABS Mean1 6.0 4.9 5.5 5.8 95.3 5.0 Mean2 4.75.4 7.8 5.3 94.4 4.3 Locs 1 5 2 2 3 3 Reps 3 9 4 4 3 5 Diff 1.3 −0.5−2.3 0.5 0.9 0.7 Prob . 0.374 0.323 0.500 0.541 0.635 HD HSKCVR GIBROTDIPROT BRTSTK SMT ERTLPN LRTLPN SCORE SCORE SCORE % NOT % NOT % NOT %NOT Stat ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 4.8 3.8 2.5 99.0 80.1 65.379.3 Mean2 6.0 5.0 3.5 99.3 92.6 84.7 69.2 Locs 8 2 2 14 10 9 18 Reps 84 4 17 22 10 22 Diff −1.3 −1.3 −1.0 −0.3 −12.5 −19.4 10.1 Prob 0.0000.126 0.500 0.467 0.021 0.017 0.081

TABLE 5B INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT Variety #1: HYBRIDCONTAINING PHCND Variety #2: 33B50 YIELD YIELD GDUSHD GDUSLK BU/A 56#BU/A 56# MST EGRWTH GDU GDU Stat ABS % MN PCT % MN SCORE % MN % MN % MNMean1 197.8 104.7 107.4 80.2 100.3 99.9 Mean2 187.9 99.5 106.3 99.8 98.199.6 Locs 136 136 136 26 30 23 Reps 157 157 157 29 41 33 Diff 9.8 5.1−1.1 −19.6 2.2 0.3 Prob 0.000 0.000 0.155 0.006 0.000 0.477 STKCNTSTAGRN STKLDG COUNT PLTHT EARHT SCORE % NOT DRPEAR Stat % MN CM % MN CM% MN % MN % MN % NOT % MN Mean1 100.0 97.0 101.1 121.4 110.6 100.8 Mean299.4 95.8 94.8 96.8 31.2 100.8 Locs 237 40 35 41 1 1 Reps 337 50 38 44 21 Diff 0.6 1.1 6.3 24.5 79.3 0.0 Prob 0.123 0.066 0.000 0.000 . . TSTWTGLFSPT NLFBLT SLFBLT GOSWLT LB/BU SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE ANTROT StatABS ABS ABS ABS ABS SCORE ABS Mean1 56.0 4.9 5.7 4.5 7.8 4.5 Mean2 56.13.7 4.9 6.3 7.8 3.6 Locs 89 8 9 2 2 4 Reps 101 13 14 4 4 8 Diff −0.1 1.30.8 −1.8 0.0 0.9 Prob 0.407 0.002 0.065 0.090 1.000 0.102 CLN FUSERSGIBERS DIPERS ECBDPE SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE % NOT ECB2SC Stat ABS ABSABS ABS ABS SCORE ABS Mean1 4.0 5.5 7.3 5.0 99.0 5.2 Mean2 4.3 5.8 5.35.5 97.2 3.6 Locs 1 5 2 2 3 3 Reps 3 9 4 4 3 5 Diff −0.3 −0.3 2.0 −0.51.9 1.7 Prob . 0.208 1.000 0.705 0.393 0.130 HD HSKCVR GIBROT DIPROTBRTSTK SMT ERTLPN LRTLPN SCORE SCORE SCORE % NOT % NOT % NOT % NOT StatABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 5.4 2.3 3.3 99.5 80.8 89.0 78.5 Mean24.6 2.5 3.8 99.6 86.8 91.9 93.2 Locs 8 2 2 14 9 8 18 Reps 8 3 4 17 21 923 Diff 0.8 −0.3 −0.5 0.0 −5.9 −2.9 −14.7 Prob 0.080 0.500 1.000 0.9720.102 0.785 0.020

TABLE 5C INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT Variety #1: HYBRIDCONTAINING PHCND Variety #2: 34N43 YIELD YIELD GDUSHD GDUSLK BU/A 56#BU/A 56# MST EGRWTH GDU GDU Stat ABS % MN PCT % MN SCORE % MN % MN % MNMean1 203.4 104.5 107.5 82.0 100.9 100.2 Mean2 191.9 98.8 103.8 109.596.8 97.0 Locs 152 152 152 30 33 24 Reps 202 202 202 37 49 35 Diff 11.45.8 −3.7 −27.6 4.1 3.2 Prob 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 STKCNTSTAGRN STKLDG COUNT PLTHT EARHT SCORE % NOT DRPEAR Stat % MN CM % MN CM% MN % MN % MN % NOT % MN Mean1 100.0 97.6 102.1 122.1 110.6 100.8 Mean2100.3 93.5 93.9 79.2 48.1 98.0 Locs 251 48 42 53 1 1 Reps 402 67 53 68 11 Diff −0.3 4.1 8.2 42.9 62.5 2.8 Prob 0.356 0.000 0.000 0.000 . . TSTWTGLFSPT NLFBLT SLFBLT GOSWLT LB/BU SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE ANTROT StatABS ABS ABS ABS ABS SCORE ABS Mean1 55.8 4.8 5.7 4.5 7.8 4.5 Mean2 56.34.0 5.1 6.0 6.3 3.0 Locs 98 9 12 2 2 3 Reps 126 15 22 4 4 6 Diff −0.50.8 0.6 −1.5 1.5 1.5 Prob 0.002 0.010 0.126 0.205 1.000 1.000 CLN FUSERSGIBERS DIPERS ECBDPE SCORE SCORE SCORE SCORE % NOT ECB2SC Stat ABS ABSABS ABS ABS SCORE ABS Mean1 4.0 5.4 7.3 5.0 99.3 5.2 Mean2 5.0 6.3 7.04.3 97.9 5.8 Locs 1 6 2 2 2 3 Reps 3 16 4 4 2 5 Diff −1.0 −0.8 0.3 0.81.3 −0.6 Prob . 0.033 0.500 0.205 0.510 0.630 HD HSKCVR GIBROT DIPROTBRTSTK SMT ERTLPN LRTLPN SCORE SCORE SCORE % NOT % NOT % NOT % NOT StatABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Mean1 5.4 2.3 3.3 99.6 80.8 78.8 82.3 Mean25.1 3.3 3.3 99.7 84.6 80.7 92.8 Locs 8 2 2 16 9 8 23 Reps 8 4 4 23 21 1036 Diff 0.3 −1.0 0.0 −0.1 −3.8 −1.9 −10.6 Prob 0.517 0.626 1.000 0.8230.343 0.895 0.074

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in thespecification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art towhich this invention pertains. All such publications, patents and patentapplications are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose citedto the same extent as if each was specifically and individuallyindicated to be incorporated by reference herein.

The foregoing invention has been described in detail by way ofillustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. Asis readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the foregoing are onlysome of the methods and compositions that illustrate the embodiments ofthe foregoing invention. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art that variations, changes, modifications and alterations maybe applied to the compositions and/or methods described herein withoutdeparting from the true spirit, concept and scope of the invention.

1. A process of introducing a desired trait into maize inbred line PHCNDcomprising: (a) crossing PHCND plants grown from PHCND seed,representative seed of which has been deposited under ATCC AccessionNumber PTA-7053, with plants of another maize line that comprise adesired trait to produce F1 progeny plants, wherein the desired trait isselected from the group consisting of waxy starch, male sterility,herbicide resistance, insect resistance, bacterial disease resistance,fungal disease resistance, and viral disease resistance; (b) selectingF1 progeny plants that have the desired trait to produce selected F1progeny plants; (c) crossing the selected progeny plants with the PHCNDplants to produce backcross progeny plants; (d) selecting for backcrossprogeny plants that have the desired trait and the alleles of inbredline PHCND at the SSR loci listed in Table 2 to produce selectedbackcross progeny plants; and (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) to producebackcross progeny plants that comprise the desired trait and comprise atleast 95% of the alleles of inbred line PHCND at the SSR loci listed inTable
 2. 2. A plant produced by the process of claim 1, wherein theplant comprises at least 95% of the alleles of inbred line PHCND at theSSR loci listed in Table
 2. 3. A maize plant having all thephysiological and morphological characteristics of inbred line PHCND,wherein a sample of the seed of inbred line PHCND was deposited underATCC Accession Number PTA-7053.
 4. A process of producing maize seed,comprising crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parentmaize plant, wherein one or both of the first or the second parent maizeplants is the plant of claim 3, and harvesting the resultant seed. 5.The maize seed produced by the process of claim
 4. 6. The maize seed ofclaim 5, wherein the maize seed is hybrid seed.
 7. A hybrid maize plant,or its parts, produced by growing said hybrid seed of claim
 6. 8. Amaize seed produced by growing said maize plant of claim 7 andharvesting the resultant maize seed.
 9. The maize plant of claim 3,further comprising an SSR profile in accordance with the profile shownin Table
 2. 10. A cell of the maize plant of claim
 3. 11. The cell ofclaim 10, wherein said cell is further defined as having an SSR profilein accordance with the profile shown in Table
 2. 12. A seed comprisingthe cell of claim
 10. 13. The maize plant of claim 3, further defined ashaving a genome comprising a single gene conversion.
 14. The maize plantof claim 13, wherein the single gene was stably inserted into the maizegenome by transformation.
 15. The maize plant of claim 13, wherein thegene is selected from the group consisting of a dominant allele and arecessive allele.
 16. The maize plant of claim 13, wherein the geneconfers a trait selected from the group consisting of herbicidetolerance; insect resistance; resistance to bacterial, fungal, nematodeor viral disease; waxy starch; male sterility and restoration of malefertility.
 17. The maize plant of claim 3, wherein said plant is furtherdefined as comprising a gene conferring male sterility.
 18. The maizeplant of claim 3, wherein said plant is further defined as comprising atransgene conferring a trait selected from the group consisting of malesterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, and diseaseresistance.
 19. A method of producing a maize plant comprising the stepsof: (a) growing a progeny plant produced by crossing the plant of claim3 with a second maize plant; (b) crossing the progeny plant with itselfor a different plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of asubsequent generation; (c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequentgeneration from said seed and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequentgeneration with itself or a different plant; and (d) repeating steps (b)and (c) for an additional 0-5 generations to produce a maize plant. 20.The method of claim 19 wherein the produced maize plant is an inbredmaize plant.
 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step ofcrossing the inbred maize plant with a second, distinct inbred maizeplant to produce an F1 hybrid maize plant.
 22. A method for developing asecond maize plant in a maize plant breeding program comprising applyingplant breeding techniques to a first maize plant, or parts thereof,wherein said first maize plant is the maize plant of claim 3, andwherein application of said techniques results in development of saidsecond maize plant.
 23. The method for developing a maize plant in amaize plant breeding program of claim 22 wherein plant breedingtechniques are selected from the group consisting of recurrentselection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, andtransformation.
 24. A method of plant breeding comprising the steps of:(a) obtaining the molecular marker profile of maize inbred line PHCND,representative seed of said line having been deposited under ATCCAccession No. PTA-7053; (b) obtaining an F1 hybrid seed for which themaize plant of claim 3 is a parent; (c) crossing a plant grown from theF1 hybrid seed with a different maize plant; and (d) selecting progenythat retain the molecular marker profile of PHCND.